import { type PracticeQuestion } from "../../types/lesson";

export const RHETORICAL_EASY: PracticeQuestion[] = [
  {
    id: "00460c13",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Novelist Willa Cather grew up in Nebraska and attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.<br>Some of Cather’s best-known novels are set in Nebraska.<br>Two such novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).<br>Cather’s novels describe the experiences of immigrants who settled in the Great Plains.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to identify the setting of Cather’s novel My Ántonia. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "My Ántonia is set in Nebraska, where Cather grew up.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Cather, author of My Ántonia, described the experiences of immigrants in her novels.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Among Cather’s best-known novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Cather attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and set some of her novels in Nebraska.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice directly identifies the setting of Cather’s novel My Ántonia as Nebraska.<br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice mentions that Cather wrote about immigrants, but it doesn’t indicate where they lived. Choice C is incorrect. This choice mentions that My Ántonia is one of Cather’s best-known novels but doesn’t state where it takes place. Choice D is incorrect. This choice mentions that some of Cather’s novels are set in Nebraska, but it doesn’t specify which ones, so we can’t be certain that My Ántonia is one of them. It also includes irrelevant information about Cather’s education.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "13f36b03",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.<br>He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal paintings.<br>“Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”<br>His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.<br>His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to provide an explanation and example of “flauna.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The term “flauna,” used by Los Angeles-based painter Jon Ching, is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Jon Ching uses the term “flauna,” a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna,” to describe the subjects of his surreal paintings: plant-animal hybrids such as a parrot with leaves for feathers.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Jon Ching, who created Nectar, refers to the subjects of his paintings as “flauna.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The subjects of Nectar and Primaveral are types of “flauna,” a term that the paintings’ creator, Jon Ching, uses when describing his surreal artworks.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it provides both an explanation and an example of “flauna.” The sentence explains that flauna, a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna,” is a term used by Jon Ching to describe the plant-animal hybrids in his paintings. The sentence also mentions an example of Ching’s flauna: a parrot with leaves for feathers. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence partially explains what “flauna” is, it doesn’t provide a full explanation or specific example of Ching’s flauna. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence partially explains what “flauna” is and includes a title of a Ching painting, it doesn’t provide a full explanation or specific example of Ching’s flauna. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence partially explains what “flauna” is and includes the titles of two Ching paintings, it doesn’t provide a full explanation of Ching’s flauna.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1792fa73",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially harsh winter conditions.<br>Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid −30negative 30 degrees Fahrenheit.<br>Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra winters.<br>During the tundra’s short growing season, average temperatures can reach a relatively mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.<br>Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the tundra.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the tundra. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Winters in the tundra are especially harsh, with temperatures averaging a frigid −30negative 30 degrees Fahrenheit.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Animals that have adapted to harsh winter conditions can survive tundra winters.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "There are around 1,700 different kinds of plants that can live in the tundra, where average temperatures can reach a mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Along with animals that have adapted to the tundra’s conditions, around 1,700 different kinds of plants can live in the tundra.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes how harsh the conditions in the tundra can be, noting that the winters are especially harsh and describing the average temperatures as “frigid.” <br>Choice B is incorrect because the sentence explains that some animals can survive harsh tundra winters; it doesn’t emphasize how harsh the conditions can be. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence specifies how many different kinds of plants can live in the tundra; it doesn’t emphasize how harsh the conditions in the tundra can be. Choice D is incorrect because the sentence explains that both plants and animals can survive in the tundra; it doesn’t emphasize how harsh the conditions in the tundra can be.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "264e7415",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794.<br>It was the first private turnpike in the United States.<br>It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania.<br>It was sixty-two miles long.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike connected the Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private turnpike in the United States.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two Pennsylvania cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was completed in 1794.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, noting that the turnpike, which connected the two Pennsylvania cities in its name, was sixty-two miles long. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the significance of the turnpike; it doesn’t emphasize the distance that the turnpike covered. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that the turnpike connected two Pennsylvania cities, it doesn’t emphasize the specific distance covered by the turnpike. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes when the turnpike was built; it doesn’t emphasize the distance that the turnpike covered.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "296801d2",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal.<br>Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners were the first humans to populate the Azores.<br>A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias found that Vikings from Scandinavia may have populated the Azores as early as the ninth century.<br>The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and house mice in Scandinavia.<br>House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to specify who may have first populated the Azores, according to the 2015 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Historians have long believed that the first humans to populate the Azores, a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal, arrived in the fifteenth century.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Portuguese mariners may not have been the first humans to populate the Azores.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In their 2015 study, the researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and those in Scandinavia.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "According to a 2015 study, the first humans to populate the Azores may have been Vikings from Scandinavia, not mariners from Portugal as previously believed.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This choice effectively specifies who may have first populated the Azores, according to the 2015 study: the Vikings. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively specify who may have first populated the Azores, according to the 2015 study. It only mentions the historical belief that the Portuguese were first. The 2015 study drew a different conclusion. Choice B is incorrect. This choice casts doubt on the Portuguese claim but doesn’t name the group of people who may have arrived before the Portuguese. Choice C is incorrect. This choice mentions the evidence that the researchers found but not the conclusion they drew from it. It doesn’t name the possible group of people who may have arrived before the Portuguese.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3067723b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.<br>It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.<br>It is roughly 33 miles long.<br>The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.<br>It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.<br>It is about 31 miles long.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France, are longer than 30 miles.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter Channel Tunnel is about 31 miles long.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel, which is located in Europe, are examples of rail tunnels.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence compares the lengths of the two rail tunnels, noting that the Channel Tunnel (about 31 miles long) is slightly shorter than the Seikan Tunnel (roughly 33 miles long). <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about the length of some rail tunnels; it doesn’t compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence describes a single rail tunnel; it doesn’t compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the two rail tunnels, it doesn’t compare their lengths.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "4b376902",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars.<br>NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles.<br>Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet’s surface.<br>Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars.<br>Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Despite being heavy, NASA’s rovers can land successfully on the surface of Mars.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Microprobes, which weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could explore areas of Mars that are inaccessible to NASA’s heavy, wheeled rovers.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "NASA currently uses its rovers on Mars, but microprobes have been proposed as an alternative.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Though they are different sizes, both microprobes and rovers can be used to explore the surface of Mars.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence explains an advantage of microprobes, noting that because microprobes weigh as little as 50 milligrams, they can explore areas inaccessible to rovers. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence indicates that rovers can land successfully on Mars despite their weight; it doesn’t explain an advantage of microprobes. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers, it doesn’t explain an advantage of microprobes. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between microprobes and rovers; it doesn’t explain an advantage of microprobes.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "6b5bc97d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: <br><br>The Sasanian Empire lasted about 400 years (AD 224 to AD 651).<br>The Sasanians controlled an area spanning 1.4 million square miles.<br>This area included present-day Iran and Iraq.<br>The empire’s capital was the ancient city of Ctesiphon.<br>Ctesiphon was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to specify the location of Ctesiphon. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Sasanian Empire began in AD 224 and ended in AD 651.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The capital of the Sasanian Empire, which spanned 1.4 million square miles, was Ctesiphon.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Sasanians controlled an area of 1.4 million square miles, including present-day Iran and Iraq.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire, was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence specifies the location of Ctesiphon, noting that it was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the sentence explains when the Sasanian Empire began and ended; it doesn’t specify the location of Ctesiphon. Choice B is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes that Ctesiphon was the capital of the Sasanian Empire; it doesn’t specify Ctesiphon’s location. Choice C is incorrect because it emphasizes the size of the Sasanian Empire; it doesn’t specify the location of Ctesiphon.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a3204ab0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.<br>In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.<br>Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at roughly 100.<br>This number is believed to be the park’s carrying capacity.<br>Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that a specific environment’s resources can sustain over time.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to specify the number of gray wolves in Yellowstone. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone, a national park in the northwest United States, in 1995.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "As of 1995, there were gray wolves living in Yellowstone, a national park in the northwest United States.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The carrying capacity of an environment, such as Yellowstone, describes the maximum number of species that the environment can sustain over time.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Yellowstone is a national park that has roughly 100 gray wolves living in it.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This choice uses relevant information from the third bullet point to state the approximate number of gray wolves in Yellowstone. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice mentions the year gray wolves in Yellowstone were reintroduced but not how many there are currently. Choice B is incorrect. This choice mentions the year gray wolves in Yellowstone were reintroduced but not how many there are currently. Choice C is incorrect. This choice defines the term carrying capacity but doesn’t connect it to the specific number of gray wolves currently living in Yellowstone.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ba263620",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic coupler.<br>It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.<br>It made the job of connecting train cars safer.<br>In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile refrigeration system.<br>It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.<br>It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard’s invention and Jones’s invention. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Beard’s automatic coupler and Jones’s mobile refrigeration system both improved on existing designs.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job of connecting train cars safer.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Beard’s invention made the job of connecting train cars safer, whereas Jones’s invention enabled food transport trucks to carry perishables farther.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Jones’s mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938, made it possible for food transport trucks to carry perishable foods farther.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. It compares Beard’s and Jones’s inventions to one another, and emphasizes what they have in common. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a similarity. It only mentions Beard’s invention. It doesn’t compare it to Jones’s invention. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two inventions. Instead, it emphasizes a difference. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a similarity. It only mentions Jones’s invention. It doesn’t compare it to Beard’s invention.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ca4ff52d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.<br>Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.<br>It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.<br>Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.<br>It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric with an extremely fine weave, while sheeting muslin is machine made with a coarse weave.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Dhaka muslin and sheeting muslin are two different types of woven cotton fabrics.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Muslins can be used in a variety of ways, from making luxury clothing to upholstering furniture and creating backdrops for theater sets.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Sheeting muslin is machine made, has a coarse weave, and is used for furniture and theater sets.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The difference between the two different kinds of muslin is emphasized. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice lists two kinds of muslins, but does not say how they are different from one another. Choice C is incorrect. This choice does not emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Choice D is incorrect. This choice does not emphasize a difference between the two muslins. It only describes sheeting muslin.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "d7f31e68",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: <br><br>Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the New England Conservatory.<br>She has won multiple national flute competitions.<br>She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed over two million times.<br>The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an original work by composer Greg Pattillo.<br>Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Annie Wu, who has won multiple national flute competitions, has also combined flute playing and beatboxing.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Among her many achievements, prominent American flutist Annie Wu graduated from the New England Conservatory and has won multiple national flute competitions.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Annie Wu is best known for a 2011 YouTube video performance of Three Beats for Beatbox Flute that has been viewed over two million times.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Composer Greg Pattillo’s original work Three Beats for Beatbox Flute combines flute playing and beatboxing.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This describes the achievement for which Wu is best known. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement. It mentions some of her general achievements, but not the one for which she is “best known.” Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement—it describes several of her achievements equally. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement. It describes a piece of music featured in her most well-known achievement.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "e2693197",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Oracles of the Pink Universe was a 2021 exhibition at the Denver Museum of Art in Colorado.<br>It featured eight artworks by South African artist Simphiwe Ndzube.<br>One of these works is a painting titled Assertion of Will.<br>Assertion of Will depicts three standing figures.<br>The figures wear clothing made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to describe how fabric is used in Assertion of Will. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In Assertion of Will, the figures’ clothing is made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The exhibition Oracles of the Pink Universe featured artworks by artist Simphiwe Ndzube.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Depicting three standing, clothed figures, Assertion of Will is a painting by Simphiwe Ndzube.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Simphiwe Ndzube’s Assertion of Will was one of eight artworks exhibited in Oracles of the Pink Universe at the Denver Museum of Art.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice directly describes how fabric is used in Assertion of Will, by explaining that the fabric pieces are part of the painting itself. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice provides contextual information about the exhibition, but it doesn’t mention anything about the painting or the fabric. Choice C is incorrect. This choice mentions that the figures are clothed, but it doesn’t explain how the fabric is integrated into the painting. Choice D is incorrect. This choice provides contextual information about the painting, but it doesn’t mention anything about the fabric or how it is used.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "e3484c07",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Bioluminescence is the emission of light by living organisms.<br>This light is produced by chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.<br>Jellyfish emit flashes of blue light.<br>This behavior serves to startle predators.<br>Black dragonfish emit a steady red light.<br>This behavior helps them locate prey in deep waters.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between the behavior of jellyfish and that of black dragonfish. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Both jellyfish and black dragonfish are organisms that emit light, which is produced by chemical reactions in these organisms’ cells.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Black dragonfish emit a steady red light, which helps them locate prey in deep waters.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Bioluminescence, the emission of light by living organisms, results from chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Jellyfish emit light to startle predators, whereas black dragonfish do so to locate prey.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a difference between the behavior of jellyfish and that of black dragonfish, noting that jellyfish and black dragonfish emit light as part of different behaviors (protection and predation, respectively). <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between jellyfish and black dragonfish; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between the behavior of the two animals. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the type of bioluminescence exhibited by black dragonfish, noting that it’s used in predation; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between the behavior of the two animals. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence defines bioluminescence and explains how it works; the sentence doesn’t mention either animal or emphasize a difference between them.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "eaded344",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The painter Frida Kahlo is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century.<br>She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico, in 1907.<br>She is best known for her vivid and richly symbolic self-portraits.<br>The Two Fridas (1939) features two versions of Kahlo sitting together.<br>One version wears a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana dress.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce Kahlo to an audience unfamiliar with the artist. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Known for being vivid and richly symbolic, Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits include The Two Fridas (1939).",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The 1939 painting The Two Fridas is one example of a self-portrait by Frida Kahlo.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "One painting by Frida Kahlo features two versions of herself, with one version wearing a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana dress.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "One of the most influential artists of the twentieth century, Mexican painter Frida Kahlo is best known for her self-portraits, which are vivid and richly symbolic.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. By identifying Kahlo as an influential artist from Mexico, and by describing the work she’s best known for, this choice provides the background information necessary to introduce Kahlo to an unfamiliar audience. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively introduce Kahlo. It doesn’t include any background information about who Kahlo is or where she’s from. It simply identifies one of her paintings. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively introduce Kahlo. It doesn’t include any background information about who Kahlo is or where she’s from. It simply identifies one of her paintings. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively introduce Kahlo. It doesn’t include any background information about who Kahlo is or where she’s from. Instead, it describes one of her paintings in detail.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "eae29760",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The calendar used by most of the world (the Gregorian calendar) has 365 days.<br>Because 365 days can’t be divided evenly by 7 (the number of days in a week), calendar dates fall on a different day of the week each year.<br>The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar, developed as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar, has 364 days.<br>Because 364 can be divided evenly by 7, calendar dates fall on the same day of the week each year, which supports more predictable scheduling.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Gregorian calendar has 365 days, which is one day longer than the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Adopting the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar would help solve a problem with the Gregorian calendar.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Designed so calendar dates would occur on the same day of the week each year, the Hanke-Henry calendar supports more predictable scheduling than does the Gregorian calendar.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar was developed as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar, which is currently the most-used calendar in the world.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence explains an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar, noting that it supports more predictable scheduling than does the Gregorian calendar and describing how it does so (by having calendar dates occur on the same day each year). <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence compares the number of days in the Gregorian and Hanke-Henry calendars; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence refers to a possible reason to adopt the Hanke-Henry calendar—that doing so would help solve a problem with the Gregorian calendar—it doesn’t identify the problem or the solution and thus doesn’t explain the advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes the origins of the Hanke-Henry calendar; it doesn’t explain an advantage of it.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "f4b63a04",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: <br><br>In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura University in Egypt made a discovery.<br>The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis.<br>The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million years ago.<br>The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain the origin of the species’ name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Mansourasaurus, a new species discovered in Egypt in 2013, lived approximately 80 million years ago.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "A partial dinosaur skeleton found in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis belonged to a species named Mansourasaurus.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Mansourasaurus, a species that lived approximately 80 million years ago, was discovered in 2013 by Egyptian paleontologist Hesham Sallam and a team of university students.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it, a professor and students from Mansoura University.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. It explains where the dinosaur’s name came from. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice does not explain the origin of the dinosaur’s name. Choice B is incorrect. This choice does not explain the origin of the dinosaur’s name. Choice C is incorrect. This choice does not explain the origin of the dinosaur’s name.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "fbffb352",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation to preserve the cultural history of regions in the Horn of Africa.<br>Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D digital scans of ancient rock art in Somaliland.<br>Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans.<br>The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals.<br>Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the scans.<br>The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the earliest examples of writing in East Africa.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The earliest examples of writing in East Africa are thought to be featured in the paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves in Somaliland.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature examples of writing, while those at the Laas Geel caves feature humans and animals.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In Somaliland, the paintings in the Laas Geel caves feature human figures and animals.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings are both examples of ancient rock art found in Somaliland.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This choice compares the Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings to one another and emphasizes what they have in common: they are both ancient rock art found in the same region. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice only mentions the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. It doesn’t compare them to the Laas Geel paintings. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Instead, it emphasizes a difference: the type of content they depict. Choice C is incorrect. This choice only mentions the Laas Geel paintings. It doesn’t compare them to the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ff3865b3",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).<br>The wok’s round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.<br>The wok’s high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.<br>Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.<br>Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to describe the wok’s shape. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Grace Young’s 2004 book, The Breath of a Wok, traces the history of the cooking pan.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Able to cook food evenly and contain oil splatters, the wok is the subject of Grace Young’s 2004 book.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "A wok is a cooking pan with a round, wide base and high, angled sides.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The design of a wok, a type of cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty, helps the pan cook food evenly and contain oil splatters.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. It summarizes the information that describes the wok’s shape from the second and third bullet points. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe the shape of a wok. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe the shape of a wok, just some of its features. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe the shape of a wok, only some of its benefits or functions.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
];

export const RHETORICAL_MEDIUM: PracticeQuestion[] = [
  {
    id: "04397a63",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US.             <br>The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace.<br>Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution.<br>This theory is called the influence theory.<br>Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Historian Bruce Johansen believes that the Great Law of Peace was very influential.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The influence theory is supported by the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The influence theory holds that the principles of the Great Law of Peace, a centuries-old agreement binding six Native nations in the northeastern US, influenced the US Constitution.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Native people, including the members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, influenced the founding of the US in many different ways.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively presents the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, explaining the theory’s position that the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution while avoiding mention of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy itself. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence broadly emphasizes Johansen’s ideas about the Great Law of Peace; it doesn’t identify the influence theory or effectively present it. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes one fact that supports the influence theory; it doesn’t effectively present the theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence makes a broad generalization about Native people’s influence on the founding of the US; it doesn’t effectively present the influence theory.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "14037904",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by Ojibwe author David Treuer.<br>In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of <strong>a</strong> complex narrative.”<br>A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research and storytelling.”<br>A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer’s book. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Treuer’s book, which was widely reviewed, focuses on Native American history from 1890 to the present.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Dubbed “a monumental achievement” by the Missoulian, Treuer’s book documents over a century of Native American history.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Critics praised Treuer’s book for its compelling narrative, with O, The Oprah Magazine calling it “a marvel of research and storytelling” and The Economist likewise writing that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of <strong>a</strong> complex narrative.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "While the Missoulian focused on the book’s broader achievement, The Economist zeroed in on Treuer’s storytelling skills.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer’s book, noting that the critics for O, The Oprah Magazine and The Economist both praised the book’s storytelling. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence provides background information about Treuer’s book; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to it. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence cites a single critic’s response to Treuer’s book; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity in the responses of multiple critics. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a difference, not a similarity, in how two critics responded to Treuer’s book.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1469d23a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Etel Adnan was a Lebanese American poet and artist known for making many leporellos.<br>A leporello is an artist’s book that is folded accordion style.<br>When the book is expanded, the artist’s work is revealed, and its zigzag shape allows it to stand on its own.<br>Her leporello December from My Window (1993) features a panoramic landscape.<br>It is painted using ink and watercolor.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to describe Adnan’s December from My Window to an audience already familiar with leporellos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Featuring a panoramic landscape, the 1993 work is one of Adnan’s many leporellos, which are accordion-style folded books that when expanded reveal the artist’s work.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "When expanded, Adnan’s 1993 leporello December from My Window reveals a panoramic landscape painted in ink and watercolor.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Known for making many other accordion-style folded books called leporellos, Adnan created December from My Window in 1993.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A leporello, such as Adnan’s December from My Window, is folded accordion style, and due to its zigzag shape it is able to stand on its own when fully expanded.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This choice describes Adnan’s December from My Window in a way that assumes the audience is already familiar with leporellos and focuses on the specific features of the work—its content and medium. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for an audience already familiar with leporellos. A familiar audience wouldn’t need to have the term defined or explained. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe Adnan’s December from My Window. It mentions the year and the type of work but not the content or the medium. In addition, it provides a simple definition of leporellos, making this an inappropriate choice for an audience already familiar with leporellos. Choice D is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for an audience already familiar with leporellos. A familiar audience wouldn’t need to have the term defined.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "164a32e7",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Claude McKay (1889–1948) was a Jamaican American writer.<br>Songs of Jamaica (1912) and Constab Ballads (1912) are two acclaimed poetry collections that McKay published while living in Jamaica.<br>McKay moved to Harlem in New York City in 1914.<br>He is best known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s.<br>His most famous works include the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem (1928).</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize Claude McKay’s accomplishments before moving to Harlem. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Jamaican American writer Claude McKay is the author of works such as Songs of Jamaica (1912), Constab Ballads (1912), Harlem Shadows (1922), and Home to Harlem (1928).",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Although he is best known as a Harlem Renaissance writer, Claude McKay had published two acclaimed poetry collections in 1912 while living in Jamaica: Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In 1914, Claude McKay moved to Harlem, where he would become known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s).",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Before moving to Harlem, Claude McKay—author of the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem (1928)—lived in Jamaica.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This choice contrasts McKay’s fame as a Harlem Renaissance writer with his earlier achievements as a Jamaican poet, and it names the two collections he published before moving to Harlem. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize McKay’s accomplishments before moving to Harlem. It lists some of his works but doesn’t distinguish between those he wrote in Jamaica and those he wrote in Harlem. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize McKay’s accomplishments before moving to Harlem. It only mentions the year he moved and what he would become known for afterwards. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize McKay’s accomplishments before moving to Harlem. It mentions that he lived in Jamaica, but it doesn’t name any of the works he published there.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "17ec916d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short stories.<br>She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993.<br>A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-century United States.<br>Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century India.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an audience already familiar with Bharati Mukherjee. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Bharati Mukherjee’s settings include both twentieth-century United States and seventeenth-century India.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In addition to her novel The Holder of the World, which was published in 1993, Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee wrote other novels and short stories.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Bharati Mukherjee’s novel The Holder of the World centers around two women, one living in twentieth-century United States and the other in seventeenth-century India.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Holder of the World was not the only novel written by Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces The Holder of the World to an audience already familiar with Mukherjee, explaining that the novel centers around two women and mentioning the author without providing any other identifying information. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence provides a detail about Mukherjee’s settings; it doesn’t introduce, or even mention, the novel. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence provides introductory information about Mukherjee; it doesn’t effectively introduce her novel to an audience already familiar with the author. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence provides introductory information about Mukherjee; it doesn’t effectively introduce her novel to an audience already familiar with the author.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1b94a80a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Wool is a natural—and economically important—fiber that is obtained from animals like sheep.<br>Australia is a leading producer of wool.<br>The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds.<br>Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.<br>Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.<br>Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and blankets.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Romney wool is just one of the many kinds of wools, each originating from a different breed of sheep.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Sheep wool varies from breed to breed, so Romney wool will be different than other kinds of wool.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The fine wool produced by Merino and Rambouillet sheep is used for apparel, whereas the thicker wool of Romney sheep is used in rugs and blankets.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Wool is an economically important fiber—especially in Australia—that can be used to make apparel or even rugs and blankets.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This choice most effectively emphasizes how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. It describes the difference in thickness and the difference in what they’re used for. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. It doesn’t mention Merino or Rambouillet wool at all. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. It doesn’t mention Merino or Rambouillet wool at all. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. It doesn’t mention Romney, Merino or Rambouillet wool at all.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "24014c3f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.<br>PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.<br>Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA.<br>The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.<br>Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, leading to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the significance of Ochoa’s discovery, noting that it proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, which resulted in a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health. <br>Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence explains what Ochoa discovered, it doesn’t emphasize the significance of the discovery. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence explains what Ochoa discovered, it doesn’t emphasize the significance of the discovery. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that Ochoa’s discovery was crucial, it emphasizes Ochoa’s incorrect hypothesis, not the significance of the discovery.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "2b89bfe5",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature between the Sun and nearby stars.<br>His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of the Sun.<br>The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star.<br>327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900°F (cooler than the Sun).<br>11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,300°F (hotter than the Sun).</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "At around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star, the Sun is hotter than most but not all of the stars within 10 parsecs of it.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Astronomer Todd Henry determined that the Sun, at around 9,800°F, is a G star, and several other stars within a 10-parsec range are A or F stars.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Of the 357 stars within ten parsecs of the Sun, 327 are classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900°F.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "While most of the stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun are classified as K, M, A, or F stars, the Sun is classified as a G star due to its surface temperature of 9,800°F.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. Noting that the Sun (9,800°F) is hotter than most stars within 10 parsecs of it, the sentence emphasizes how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The sentence explains that astronomer Todd Henry determined the classifications for the Sun and several other stars nearby; it doesn’t emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence explains that the majority of stars near the Sun are classified as K or M stars; it doesn’t indicate the Sun’s temperature or emphasize how hot it is relative to nearby stars. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the Sun is classified differently than most nearby stars due to its surface temperature, it doesn’t emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "2bf05ae9",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor escaped slavery and fled to Union-army-occupied St. Simons Island off the Georgia coast.<br>She began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.<br>In 1902, she published a book about the time she spent with the regiment.<br>Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be published by a Black woman.<br>It is still available to readers in print and online.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of Taylor’s accomplishment. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Taylor fled to St. Simons Island, which was then occupied by the Union army, for whom she began working.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "After escaping slavery, Taylor began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The book Taylor wrote about the time she spent with the regiment is still available to readers in print and online.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Taylor was the only Black woman to publish a Civil War memoir.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. By indicating that Taylor’s book was the only Civil War memoir published by a Black woman, this sentence emphasizes the uniqueness, or one-of-a-kind nature, of Taylor’s accomplishment. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence describes some of Taylor’s accomplishments, it doesn’t emphasize the uniqueness of them. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence describes some of Taylor’s accomplishments, it doesn’t emphasize that they were unique. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides information about Taylor’s book, it doesn’t emphasize what made the book unique.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "34e1124f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the wind.<br>In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds.<br>Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or deposits material.<br>A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than the base.<br>A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base and the top at different rates.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Aeolian landforms are created by different wind-based processes; for example, some are created by wind erosion.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Aeolian landforms—landforms created by the wind—include the mushroom rock, a rock formation in which the wind erodes the base of the rock faster than the top.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Erosion, transportation, and deposition are three examples of how the wind can create Aeolian landforms and mushroom rocks.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A mushroom rock is a rock formation that owes its shape to the wind, a natural force associated with Aeolus in Greek mythology.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence provides an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms, explaining that they are landforms created by wind and offering the mushroom rock as an example. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence explains that Aeolian landforms are created by wind but does not provide an example of any specific Aeolian landforms. Rather, the example it provides is of a wind-based process. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides a partial explanation of Aeolian landforms, noting that they are created by the wind, it does not effectively provide an example. The sentence seems to indicate that mushroom rocks, rather than being an example of Aeolian landforms, are distinct from them. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence provides an explanation of a mushroom rock, which is a specific example of an Aeolian landform, it doesn’t provide an explanation of Aeolian landforms in general.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3ea7372e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In the art world, the term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes place every two years in a single location.<br>Such biennials are held in New York, Berlin, and Venice.<br>In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the unconventional MexiCali Biennial.<br>The MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on both sides of the US-Mexico border.<br>The MexiCali Biennial has taken place on an uneven schedule, with exhibitions in 2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–20.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the MexiCali Biennial, which has taken place in 2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–20.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Unlike traditional biennials, the MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on an uneven schedule.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes place every two years in a single location, not to exhibitions hosted at a variety of times and venues.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Biennial exhibitions have been held in New York, Berlin, and Venice but also on both sides of the US-Mexico border.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence effectively emphasizes a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials, stating that the MexiCali Biennial is unlike traditional biennials because it hosts exhibitions in different venues on an uneven schedule. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence indicates who founded the MexiCali Biennial and the years this biennial has taken place; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence clarifies the traditional meaning of biennial with language that could apply to the MexiCali Biennial, it doesn’t mention the MexiCali Biennial by name. Therefore, the sentence doesn’t effectively emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence notes locations where various biennial exhibitions have been held; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "48d0bb34",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.<br>He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.<br>He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.<br>The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.<br>The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam Maloof. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking chair in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts is just one piece of furniture created by American woodworker Sam Maloof.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Sam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life, he made a chair that you can see if you visit the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Furniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s “genius grants.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such that its armrests and seat are sleek and contoured.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence effectively describes the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam Maloof, noting its sleek, contoured armrests and seat and explaining that Sam Maloof (the walnut chair’s creator) was an American woodworker. <br>Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence explains who Sam Maloof was and mentions a chair, it doesn’t describe the chair. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence explains who Sam Maloof was, it doesn’t describe the rocking chair. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence describes the rocking chair, it doesn’t explain who Sam Maloof was.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "49fe306b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single spot in the sky.<br>This spot is called the meteor shower’s radiant.<br>The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.<br>Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant.<br>Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Perseid meteor shower is named for the constellation Perseus, the location of the meteor shower’s radiant.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Perseid meteor shower, which has a radiant, is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a radiant, such as the one within Perseus.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence explains the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name: the constellation Perseus, where the meteor shower’s radiant is located. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The sentence makes a claim about meteor shower names in general; it doesn’t explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name specifically. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence indicates when and where the Perseid meteor shower is visible; it doesn’t explain the origin of the meteor shower’s name. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence discusses meteor showers in general; it doesn’t explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "4f9ee1dc",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Seven species of sea turtle exist today.<br>Five sea turtle species can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.<br>One of those species is the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle.<br>Its scientific name is Lepidochelys kempii.<br>Another of those species is the olive ridley sea turtle.<br>Its scientific name is Lepidochelys olivacea.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sea turtle species. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Among the seven species of sea turtle is the olive ridley sea turtle, which can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys kempii, while the olive ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys olivacea.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Both the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle and the olive ridley sea turtle can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) and the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) are different species.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two sea turtle species: both can be found in the Atlantic Ocean. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence indicates that the olive ridley sea turtle is one of seven species of sea turtle; it fails to mention the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a difference between the two sea turtle species rather than a similarity. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a difference between the two sea turtle species rather than a similarity.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "54c1b2dd",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing the Delaware.<br>His huge painting (149 × 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War.<br>In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikôsiwak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People.<br>Monkman’s huge painting (132 × 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze’s.<br>It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Monkman, a Cree artist, finished his painting in 2019; Leutze, a German American artist, completed his in 1851.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Although Monkman’s painting was inspired by Leutze’s, the people and actions the two paintings portray are very different.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Leutze’s and Monkman’s paintings are both huge, measuring 149 × 255 inches and 132 × 264 inches, respectively.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Leutze’s painting depicts Revolutionary War soldiers, while Monkman’s depicts Indigenous people and refugees.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two paintings, noting that Leutze’s painting (which measures 149 × 255 inches) and Monkman’s painting (which measures 132 × 264 inches) are both very large. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence mentions that Monkman’s painting was completed in 2019 and Leutze’s was completed in 1851; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence acknowledges that one painting was inspired by the other, it emphasizes differences between the two paintings; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between them. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence mentions a difference between the two paintings; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between them.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "56cad44a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations.<br>Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see.<br>Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability to see.<br>Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory receptors on one side than the other.<br>These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras may belong to the same species, but they are quite different.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Cave-dwelling tetras can no longer see but use sensory receptors on their skulls to navigate.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations: surface-dwelling tetras and cave-dwelling tetras.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Surface-dwelling tetras can see, whereas cave-dwelling tetras cannot.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras, noting that while surface-dwelling tetras can see, cave-dwelling tetras can’t. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence notes that surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras are different, it doesn’t emphasize any difference between the two populations of tetras. Choice B is incorrect because the sentence explains that cave-dwelling tetras use sensory receptors on their skulls to navigate; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence notes that there are two different populations of Mexican tetras, it doesn’t emphasize any difference between the two populations.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "58281fc4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.<br>She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.<br>Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.<br>When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and iridescent tiles made from plexiglass, featured light as its primary medium of expression.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles made from iridescent plexiglass.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light formed colorful prisms as it passed through a fence Park had fitted with iridescent tiles.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively describes Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Park, noting that Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist and that the 2013 work consists of colorful prisms formed by light passing through iridescent tiles. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes aspects of Unwoven Light but doesn’t mention who Park is; it thus doesn’t effectively describe the work to an audience unfamiliar with Park. Choice B is incorrect. Although the sentence indicates when the work was created and who Park is, it lacks descriptive details and thus doesn’t effectively describe Unwoven Light. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence mentions Park and describes an aspect of Unwoven Light—the chain-link fence—but doesn’t effectively describe the overall work to an audience unfamiliar with the artist.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5888712f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions.<br>He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use.<br>Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02.<br>He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74.<br>The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat was determined by an analysis of each material’s emissivity.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits, as evidenced in Abebe’s analyses.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Though the reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers had different rates of emissivity, Abebe planned to use both in a garment.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Whereas the reflective metal fibers had an emissivity of just 0.02, the silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat, resulting in an emissivity of 0.74.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence uses “whereas” to contrast the emissivities of the two fibers, noting that the emissivity of the reflective metal fibers was just 0.02, far lower than that of the silicon carbide fibers (0.74). <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat; it doesn’t contrast the emissivities of the two fibers. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence states a law of thermodynamics: the amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits. The sentence doesn’t contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence includes a generalization about the emissivities of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers, it emphasizes Abebe’s plans for their use in a garment; it doesn’t contrast the emissivities of the two fibers.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5a5e22b5",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Gravitational waves are powerful ripples that originate in deep space and eventually pass through Earth.<br>The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a physics study that began in 2002.<br>LIGO’s goal is to detect and analyze gravitational waves.<br>LIGO uses a pair of massive gravitational wave detectors called interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.<br>In 2015, for the first time in history, LIGO researchers detected a gravitational wave passing through Earth.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present LIGO’s aim and methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In 2015, LIGO’s massive interferometers detected a powerful ripple that originated in deep space and eventually passed through Earth.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Though the physics study LIGO began in 2002, its massive interferometers didn’t detect a gravitational wave until 2015.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "To achieve its aims, LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A physics study designed to detect and analyze gravitational waves, LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively presents the LIGO study’s aim, noting that it is designed to detect and analyze gravitational waves, and its methodology (it uses two interferometers to detect the waves). <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes a finding from the LIGO study; it doesn’t effectively present the study’s aim or its methodology. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence provides background information about the LIGO study’s timeline; it doesn’t effectively present the study’s aim or its methodology. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence touches on LIGO’s methodology, noting that it uses two interferometers, but doesn’t indicate what the study’s aims are.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5bb7dc03",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based spelling competition.<br>The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins.<br>In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word “guerdon.”<br>“Guerdon” derives from the Anglo-French word “guerdun.”<br>In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word “Laodicean.”<br>“Laodicean” derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Guerdon,” the final word of the 2008 Scripps National Spelling Bee, is of Anglo-French origin, while the following year’s final word, “Laodicean,” derives from ancient Greek.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In 2008, Sameer Mishra won the Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling the word “guerdon”; however, the following year, Kavya Shivashankar won based on spelling the word “Laodicean.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Kavya Shivashankar won the 2009 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling “Laodicean,” which derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Scripps National Spelling Bee uses words from diverse linguistic origins, such as “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. Noting that “guerdon” is of Anglo-French origin and “Laodicean” is of ancient Greek origin, the sentence uses “while” to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words. <br>Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes two words used in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, it doesn’t emphasize (or mention) the words’ linguistic origins. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence specifies the linguistic origin of one word used in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, it doesn’t mention the other word or emphasize a difference in the two words’ origins. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence makes a generalization about words used in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, it doesn’t emphasize a difference in the words’ origins.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5d3177aa",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for immigrants.<br>The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on how many people from that country lived in the US in 1890.<br>This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.<br>Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany.<br>The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany at the time the Hart-Celler Act was proposed.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Prior to the Hart-Celler Act, new immigration quotas were based on how many people from each country lived in the US in 1890.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The quota system in place in the early 1960s was abolished by the 1965 Hart-Celler Act.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system, which favored immigrants from northern Europe.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence presents the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration, noting that the 1965 act abolished the national-origins quota system and explaining why that mattered, historically: because the old quota system had favored immigrants from northern Europe. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes an aspect of immigration policy at the time the Hart-Celler Act was proposed; it doesn’t present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence describes an aspect of immigration policy before the Hart-Celler Act; it doesn’t describe or present the significance of the act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the Hart-Celler Act abolished the old quota system, it doesn’t explain the act or the quota system to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "6249b173",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha were observing wild macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park.<br>They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or carrying food.<br>They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade the humans to share their food.<br>In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans holding food.<br>In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed humans less frequently.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the study’s results. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Macaques in the study called out to and gestured more frequently at humans holding food than at empty-handed humans.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In 2018, researchers who had observed macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park calling out to and gesturing at humans designed a study.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The researchers hoped to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade humans to share their food.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The researchers studied how macaques behaved around both humans holding food and empty-handed humans.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice presents the study’s results from the last two bullet points. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice describes the background and motivation of the study but not the outcome or findings. Choice C is incorrect. This choice describes the research question or hypothesis of the study but not the evidence or conclusion. Choice D is incorrect. This choice describes the method or design of the study but not the actual results.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "6351062d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were grown in the US.<br>The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the range of commercially grown crops.<br>Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for commercial growth were lost.<br>Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90% of apples purchased in the US.<br>The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find and grow lost apple varieties.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple varieties lost following a shift in agricultural practices in the mid-1900s.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late 1890s, only 15 unique varieties make up most of the apples sold today.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly grown the same few unique apple varieties, resulting in the loss of thousands of varieties less suitable for commercial growth.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the number of crops selected for cultivation decreased dramatically.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specifies why this decline occurred, noting that thousands of apple varieties were lost because US farmers started mainly growing the same few unique varieties. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence introduces the Lost Apple Project; it doesn’t emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes the decline in unique apple varieties in the US, it doesn’t explain why this decline occurred. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the general decline of crop varieties in the mid-1900s; it doesn’t emphasize the specific decline in unique apple varieties in the US.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "63a4fa29",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.<br>The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.<br>A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts of grain.<br>The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis was conducted on cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China, suggests that cats there may have been domesticated 5,300 years ago.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun, China, had eaten more than 5,000 years ago.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in Quanhucun, China, in 2013.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence presents the study, describing it as a 2013 analysis of Quanhucun cat bone fragments, and its conclusions, indicating what the analysis suggests about cat domestication in Quanhucun.   <br>Choice A is incorrect because the sentence focuses on the study’s methodology; it doesn’t present conclusions from the study. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides a general overview of the study, it doesn’t present conclusions from the study. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes a finding from the study; it doesn’t present conclusions from the study.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "74149724",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.<br>The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.<br>It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.<br>It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.<br>Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence specifies the reason the Mayflower Compact was created, noting that it was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence provides background information about the Mayflower Compact and notes the signatories’ goal for the colony, it doesn’t specify why the compact was created. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence provides background information about the Mayflower Compact and notes the signatories’ goal for the colony, it doesn’t specify why the compact was created. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence specifies the number of pilgrims that signed the Mayflower Compact; it doesn’t specify the reason the compact was created.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7aac173e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Architect Julian Abele studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe.<br>Abele worked for an architecture firm that was hired in 1924 to design buildings for Duke University’s new campus.<br>Most of the buildings on Duke’s campus were designed in the Gregorian or neo-Gothic architectural styles.<br>At the time, Abele was not formally credited with designing the buildings.<br>Based on the buildings’ architectural styles, historians believe Abele designed most of the campus buildings.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to specify why historians believe Abele designed most of Duke’s campus buildings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Given that most of the buildings on Duke’s campus feature architectural styles that Abele had studied in Europe, historians believe Abele is the one who designed them.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Though Abele wasn’t formally credited at the time, historians believe he designed most of the buildings on Duke’s campus.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Most of Duke’s campus buildings, which were designed by a firm Abele worked for, were designed in the Gregorian and neo-Gothic architectural styles.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Abele, an architect who studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe, is believed to have designed most of the buildings on Duke’s campus.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence specifies why historians believe Abele designed most of Duke’s campus buildings, noting that most of the buildings feature architectural styles that Abele had studied. <br>Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence explains that historians believe Abele designed most of Duke’s campus buildings, it doesn’t specify why historians hold that belief. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes the architectural styles of Duke’s campus buildings; it doesn’t specify why historians believe Abele designed the buildings. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence explains that Abele is believed to have designed most of the buildings on Duke’s campus, it doesn’t specify why historians believe that he designed the buildings.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7c9d0e38",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Roughly 96% of Australia’s estimated 200,000 animal species are invertebrates.<br>Invertebrates of the order Hymenoptera, which consists of sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants, are estimated to total 14,800 species in Australia.<br>Invertebrates of the order Coleoptera, which consists of beetles and weevils, are estimated to total 28,200 species in Australia.<br>Some of these invertebrates’ populations are threatened by invasive bird and fish species.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the different orders in which Australia’s invertebrate animals are classified. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In Australia, 28,200 species are estimated to be beetles and weevils, both classified as invertebrates of the order Coleoptera.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Among Australia’s many invertebrates, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, while beetles and weevils belong to the order Coleoptera.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Many sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants of the order Hymenoptera are threatened by some of Australia’s invasive bird and fish species.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The order Hymenoptera is estimated to make up 14,800 of Australia’s 200,000 animal species.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the different orders that Australia’s invertebrates belong to, specifying that sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, whereas beetles and weevils belong to the order Coleoptera. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence only mentions one order, Coleoptera; it doesn’t emphasize the different orders that Australia’s invertebrates belong to. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence only mentions one order, Hymenoptera; it doesn’t emphasize the different orders that Australia’s invertebrates belong to. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence only mentions one order, Hymenoptera; it doesn’t emphasize the different orders that Australia’s invertebrates belong to.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7fd39a42",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form of light.<br>Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced.<br>Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter.<br>The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light was built in 1968.<br>It was called Tantalus and was housed near the University of Wisconsin–Madison.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the location of the first synchrotron built to provide synchrotron light. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Tantalus, the first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light, was built in 1968.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form of light, and this light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light, Tantalus, was housed near the University of Wisconsin–Madison.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced, making it an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. After identifying Tantalus as the first synchrotron built to provide light, the sentence emphasizes its location. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence identifies Tantalus as the first synchrotron built to provide light, it doesn’t emphasize (or mention) its location. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence describes synchrotrons and how researchers use them; it doesn’t emphasize (or mention) the location of Tantalus. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes synchrotron light and how researchers use it; the sentence doesn’t emphasize (or mention) the location of Tantalus.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "81315093",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>A marathon is a long-distance running race that is 26.2 miles long.<br>An ultramarathon is a long-distance running race of more than 26.2 miles.<br>The Kepler Challenge is a one-day, 37.3-mile ultramarathon in New Zealand.<br>The Spreelauf is a six-day, 261-mile ultramarathon in Germany.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make a generalization about ultramarathons. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Examples of ultramarathons include the 37.3-mile Kepler Challenge in New Zealand and the 261-mile Spreelauf in Germany.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "A marathon is 26.2 miles long, but the Spreelauf ultramarathon, at 261 miles, is far longer.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Ultramarathons range widely in length, from a few dozen miles to a few hundred.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "While the Kepler Challenge is a one-day ultramarathon, the Spreelauf is a six-day ultramarathon.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This is the only choice that makes a generalization about ultramarathons. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice gives specific examples of ultramarathons but doesn’t say anything about them as a category. Choice B is incorrect. This choice compares marathons in general to one specific ultramarathon but doesn’t say anything about ultramarathons as a category. Choice D is incorrect. This choice contrasts two specific ultramarathons but doesn’t say anything about them as a category.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "835b101b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Minnesota defines a lake as an inland body of water of at least 10 acres.<br>Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account.<br>By its own definition, Wisconsin has over 15,000 lakes, many smaller than 10 acres.<br>By Minnesota’s definition, Wisconsin has only about 6,000 lakes.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to contrast Minnesota’s definition of a lake with Wisconsin’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Wisconsin, which doesn’t take size into account in defining a lake, claims that it has over 15,000 lakes.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Because its definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, it is unclear how many lakes Wisconsin really has.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "According to Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—Wisconsin has about 6,000 lakes.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—is more restrictive than Wisconsin’s, which doesn’t take size into account.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence contrasts Minnesota’s definition of a lake with Wisconsin’s, explaining that Minnesota’s definition (which takes size into account) is more restrictive than Wisconsin’s definition (which doesn’t). <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence notes that Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account, it doesn’t contrast Minnesota’s definition with Wisconsin’s. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence states that Wisconsin’s definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, but it doesn’t clarify how they differ. In other words, it doesn’t contrast Minnesota’s definition with Wisconsin’s. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence indicates how many lakes Wisconsin has according to Minnesota’s definition of a lake, but it doesn’t clarify how the states’ definitions differ. In other words, it doesn’t contrast Minnesota’s definition with Wisconsin’s.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8432a140",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs.<br>Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to 25% of all marine species.<br>Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish, seahorses, and clown triggerfish.<br>The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil.<br>It is one of the largest known reefs in the world.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Located in Brazil, the Amazon Reef is one of the largest known coral reefs in the world.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs, vital underwater ecosystems that provide homes to 25% of all marine species.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Providing homes to 25% of all marine species, including up to 8,000 species of fish, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems and thus of great interest to marine biologists.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "As Camille Jazmin Gaynus knows well, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems, providing homes to thousands of species of fish.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      'Choice B is the best answer. We’re asked to select the sentence that "introduce<strong>s</strong> the scientist and her field of study." This choice introduces scientist Camille Jazmin Gaynus as a marine biologist and explains what marine life she studies.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t mention Camille Jazmin Gaynus, so it fails to "introduce the scientist." Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t mention Camille Jazmin Gaynus, so it fails to "introduce the scientist." Choice D is incorrect. This choice mentions Camille Jazmin Gaynus, but it doesn’t identify her as a marine biologist. It says she "knows well" about coral reefs, but doesn’t identify her expertise as a "field of study."',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "84e108cf",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.<br>It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.<br>Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.<br>Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.<br>Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive metal, with liquid gallium.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other platinum catalysts.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence explains an advantage of Tang and his colleagues’ platinum catalyst, noting that it requires far less platinum (which is rare and expensive) than other platinum catalysts do. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes the platinum catalyst that Tang and his colleagues created; it doesn’t explain an advantage of their platinum catalyst. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the new platinum catalyst and other platinum catalysts; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence connects the metal platinum to the functioning of platinum catalysts, noting that large amounts of platinum are typically required for platinum catalysts to be effective; it doesn’t explain an advantage of Tang and his colleagues’ platinum catalyst.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "86b78078",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Samuel Selvon was a Trinidadian author.<br>The Lonely Londoners is one of his most celebrated novels.<br>Selvon published the novel in 1956.<br>It is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II.<br>Some of The Lonely Londoners’ characters also appear in Selvon’s later novel Moses Ascending.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce Samuel Selvon and his novel The Lonely Londoners to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In 1956, Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon published one of his most celebrated novels, The Lonely Londoners, which is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Samuel Selvon wrote the novel Moses Ascending after he wrote The Lonely Londoners.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Lonely Londoners, a celebrated novel that was published in 1956, depicts post–World War II Caribbean migration from the perspective of a Trinidadian author.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Some of the characters who appear in Samuel Selvon’s Moses Ascending also appear in The Lonely Londoners.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. By noting that Selvon is a Trinidadian author and indicating that The Lonely Londoners, published in 1956, is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II, the sentence effectively introduces Samuel Selvon and his novel to a new audience. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The sentence indicates the order in which two of Selvon’s novels were written; it doesn’t introduce Samuel Selvon and The Lonely Londoners to a new audience. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence describes the novel The Lonely Londoners, it doesn’t mention its author, Samuel Selvon, by name and thus doesn’t effectively introduce him to a new audience. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence indicates that two of Selvon’s novels include the same characters; it doesn’t introduce Samuel Selvon and The Lonely Londoners to a new audience.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "88308a39",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Shaun Tan is an Australian author.<br>In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen short stories.<br>The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary suburban neighborhoods.<br>In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-five short stories.<br>The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary urban settings.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by Shaun Tan. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia, which describes surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places, contains fewer short stories than Tales from the Inner City does.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Tales from Outer Suburbia was published in 2008, and Tales from the Inner City was published in 2018.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Unlike Tales from the Inner City, Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia is set in suburban neighborhoods.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Shaun Tan’s books Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the Inner City both describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence uses “both” to emphasize a thematic similarity between Tan’s two books, noting that both Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the Inner City describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a difference (one contains fewer stories than the other), not a similarity, between the two books. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence indicates that Tan’s books were published ten years apart; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two books. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence uses “unlike” to emphasize a difference between Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the Inner City; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two books.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "883493d5",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Allan Houser was a Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache sculptor, illustrator, and painter.<br>Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures.<br>He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms, developing a distinctive style that influenced many other artists.<br>His well-known sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow was pictured on the State of Oklahoma license plate.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser’s sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "A sculptor, illustrator, and painter, Houser developed a distinctive style for portraying Native American figures.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Houser’s sculptures employ abstract, modernist forms to depict Native American figures.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Many other artists have been influenced by the style of Houser’s sculptures.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow is a well-known example of Houser’s style.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence describes the distinctive style of Houser’s sculptures, explaining that the sculptures use abstract, modernist forms to depict Native American figures. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that Houser developed a distinctive style for portraying Native American figures, it doesn’t describe this style. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence states that other artists have been influenced by the style of Houser’s sculptures, it doesn’t describe this style. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the name of a sculpture that’s a well-known example of Houser’s style, it doesn’t describe the sculpture’s style.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "92dec236",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Maika’i Tubbs is a Native Hawaiian sculptor and installation artist.<br>His work has been shown in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Germany, among other places.<br>Many of his sculptures feature discarded objects.<br>His work Erasure (2008) includes discarded audiocassette tapes and magnets.<br>His work Home Grown (2009) includes discarded pushpins, plastic plates and forks, and wood.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two works. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Erasure (2008) uses discarded objects such as audiocassette tapes and magnets; Home Grown (2009), however, includes pushpins, plastic plates and forks, and wood.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Tubbs’s work, which often features discarded objects, has been shown both within the United States and abroad.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Like many of Tubbs’s sculptures, both Erasure and Home Grown include discarded objects: Erasure uses audiocassette tapes, and Home Grown uses plastic forks.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Tubbs completed Erasure in 2008 and Home Grown in 2009.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      'Choice C is the best answer. This choice most effectively emphasizes "a similarity" by identifying a trait the works share: "both Erasure and Home Grown include discarded objects."<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t "emphasize a similarity." Instead, this choice shows how the materials used in the two works are different. Notice the use of the contrast word "however." Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t "emphasize a similarity between the two works." While it says that Tubbs’s work "often features discarded objects," it doesn’t provide details about the two works in question. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t "emphasize a similarity." Instead, this choice shows how the works were produced at different times.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "94cb8720",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about woman suffrage activists.<br>Their “Women and the Vote” website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house.<br>Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement.<br>One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact.<br>The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain an advantage of the “Women and the Vote” format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Women and the Vote” featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house with several rooms, each containing suffrage artifacts.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to first click on an artifact.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The “Women and the Vote” format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the experience.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech created “Women and the Vote,” a play about woman suffrage activists.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence explains an advantage of the “Women and the Vote” format, noting that the format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the experience. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes a digital drawing on the “Women and the Vote” website; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the play’s format. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence explains how audiences interacted with the “Women and the Vote” website; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the play’s format. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that “Women and the Vote” had an interactive format, it doesn’t explain what advantage this format might have.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "94f4eecb",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Las sergas de Esplandián was a novel popular in sixteenth-century Spain.<br>The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black women and known as California.<br>That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an “island” off the west coast of Mexico.<br>They called it California after the island in the novel.<br>The “island” was actually the peninsula now known as Baja California (“Lower California”), which lies to the south of the US state of California.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The novel Las sergas de Esplandián featured a fictional island known as California.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "To the south of the US state of California lies Baja California (“Lower California”), originally called California after a fictional place.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers learned of a peninsula off the west coast of Mexico and called it California.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Thinking it was an island, Spanish explorers called a peninsula California after an island in a popular novel.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the role a misconception played in the naming of a place, explaining that Spanish explorers mistook a peninsula for an island and, as a result, named the peninsula after a fictional island, California. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence mentions a novel that featured a fictional island, California; it doesn’t emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence notes that Baja California was originally named after a fictional place; it doesn’t emphasize the role a misconception—specifically, the Spanish explorers’ mistaken belief that the peninsula was an island—played in the naming of a place. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence indicates when Spanish explorers learned of the peninsula they called California; it doesn’t emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "99183985",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Some sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park have been defaced by tourists’ carvings.<br>Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders.<br>For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it can greatly alter or damage the rock.<br>Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.<br>This technique is minimally invasive.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "To remove carvings from sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park, power grinding is not always feasible.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent is less invasive than smoothing them away with a power grinder, which can greatly alter or damage the sandstone arches.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Park rangers can use a power grinding technique to smooth away carvings or fill them in with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "As methods for removing carvings from sandstone, power grinding and infilling differ in their level of invasiveness.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence effectively explains an advantage of infilling: it’s less invasive than using a power grinder. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence identifies a disadvantage of power grinding; it doesn’t explain an advantage of infilling. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence identifies the two techniques park rangers use; it doesn’t explain an advantage of infilling. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence indicates that power grinding and infilling are different in one aspect; it fails to explain an advantage of infilling.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "9e2d4ef7",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.<br>Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.<br>Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for praise.<br>Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise, a historical novel about colonial East Africa, for praise.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise (1994) was written by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa, Abdulrazak Gurnah’s homeland.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author, describing Paradise as a historical novel about colonial East Africa and its author as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence introduces Abdulrazak Gurnah to an audience unfamiliar with the author, it doesn’t effectively introduce Paradise. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence provides background information about Paradise, it doesn’t effectively introduce the novel to an audience unfamiliar with its author. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence provides background information about Paradise, it doesn’t effectively introduce the novel to an audience unfamiliar with its author.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a1ca7ec4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.<br>In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.<br>Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.<br>Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.<br>She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces the poetry collection Precario/Precarious, noting that it is a collection by Vicuña that was published in 1983 by Tanam Press. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the 1983 poetry collection Precario/Precarious, it focuses mainly on Vicuña’s visual art. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence doesn’t introduce the 1983 poetry collection Precario/Precarious; instead, it introduces Vicuña. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the location of Vicuña’s 1971 exhibition Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones; it doesn’t introduce the 1983 poetry collection Precario/Precarious..",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a86c0b1b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades star cluster as having seven stars.<br>It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient Greece.<br>Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars.<br>Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades, which was referred to in Greek mythology as the Seven Sisters, as having seven stars.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Although once referred to as the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades appears to have only six stars today.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In the time since ancient cultures described the Pleiades as having seven stars, two of the cluster’s stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Pleiades has seven stars, but two are so close together that they appear to be a single star.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence specifies the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed, noting that two of the cluster’s stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one star. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence specifies how ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades; it doesn’t specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence describes the appearance of the Pleiades today; it doesn’t specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence explains why two of the Pleiades’ stars appear to be a single star; it doesn’t specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "aa7e10d0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found in both tropical and temperate environments.<br>Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in temperate forests, such as those in Oaxaca, Mexico.<br>Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how many different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of Oaxaca.<br>Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a year at a site in Oaxaca.<br>Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "A study led by Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández identified a total of 74 Orchidaceae species in the temperate forests of Oaxaca, Mexico.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "There are orchids in many environments, but there are 74 Orchidaceae species in Oaxaca, Mexico.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Oaxaca, Mexico, is home to temperate forests containing 74 Orchidaceae species.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández and her team wanted to know how many different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of Oaxaca, Mexico, so they conducted a study to collect orchids.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice most effectively presents the study and its findings. It opens with the study and names its lead researcher, then tells us its finding: that they identified 74 Orchidaceae species in the temperate forests of Oaxaca, Mexico. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t include the study’s findings, so it fails to achieve the goal. It doesn’t mention that there was a study at all.  Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the study, so it fails to achieve the goal. It doesn’t mention that there was a study at all.  Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t include the study’s findings, so it fails to achieve the goal.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "aec8d3e8",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Chemical leavening agents cause carbon dioxide to be released within a liquid batter, making the batter rise as it bakes.<br>Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents.<br>Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate.<br>To produce carbon dioxide, baking soda needs to be mixed with liquid and an acidic ingredient such as honey.<br>Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and an acid.<br>To produce carbon dioxide, baking powder needs to be mixed with liquid but not with an acidic ingredient.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between baking soda and baking powder. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "To make batters rise, bakers use chemical leavening agents such as baking soda and baking powder.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents that, when mixed with other ingredients, cause carbon dioxide to be released within a batter.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, and honey is a type of acidic ingredient.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "To produce carbon dioxide within a liquid batter, baking soda needs to be mixed with an acidic ingredient, whereas baking powder does not.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a difference between baking soda and baking powder, noting that baking soda needs to be mixed with an acidic ingredient to produce carbon dioxide but baking powder doesn’t. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence focuses on what bakers use to make batters rise; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between baking soda and baking powder. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence provides a general description of baking soda and baking powder; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between them. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence explains what baking soda and honey are; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between baking soda and baking powder.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "b46e0c8a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding substances such as hair or skin.<br>The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.<br>Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are difficult to observe.<br>Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades to detect invasive constrictor snake species in the area.<br>The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the study to an audience already familiar with environmental DNA. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades for evidence of invasive constrictor snakes, which are difficult to observe.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "An analysis of eDNA can detect the presence of invasive species that are difficult to observe, such as constrictor snakes.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, or environmental DNA, in water samples; eDNA is the DNA in released cellular materials, such as shed skin cells.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA)—that is, DNA from cellular materials released by organisms—in water samples from the Florida Everglades.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice presents the study in a way that assumes the audience is already familiar with eDNA.<br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the study. It only states a general fact about eDNA analysis. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for an audience already familiar with eDNA. A familiar audience wouldn’t need to have the term defined or explained. Choice D is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for an audience already familiar with eDNA. A familiar audience wouldn’t need to have the term defined or explained. It also doesn’t present the study.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "bb275f0d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and gardens.<br>This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees’ immune systems.<br>On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.<br>Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.<br>On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh winter.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do rural areas, which are often dominated by monoculture crops.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will survive a harsh winter, whereas in rural areas, only 40 percent will.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the bees eat, and a varied diet is more available to bees in an urban area than to those in a rural area.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas because the varied diet available in urban areas strengthens the bees’ immune systems.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because the sentence makes and supports a generalization about honeybees. It claims that honeybees living in urban areas are more likely to thrive than rural bees, and it supports the claim with information about the effect of a varied diet on urban bees’ immune systems. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence makes a generalization, it doesn’t mention honeybees. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence provides data about honeybee survival, it doesn’t make a generalization about honeybees based on this information. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence makes a generalization about honeybees’ diets and immune systems, it doesn’t provide adequate support for this generalization.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "bc56170b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind.<br>Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth.<br>In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.<br>Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon.<br>Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its oxygen from Earth.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small amount of oxygen to the Moon.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the aim, or goal, of the research study, noting what Terada set out to do: determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence focuses on how the Kaguya satellite collected data; it doesn’t emphasize the aim of the research study. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence mentions what Terada was curious about before conducting the research study, it doesn’t emphasize his study’s aim. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence presents the research study’s conclusion; it doesn’t emphasize the study’s aim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "bce57278",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias.<br>A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a specific set of principles.<br>One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.<br>It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.<br>Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was “to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor, adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George Ripley. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In a letter, writer George Ripley explained his goal to “guarantee the highest mental freedom.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Utopias, such as Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley in 1841, were based on a specific set of principles intended to create a perfect society.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Founded by George Ripley near Boston, Massachusetts, Brook Farm was part of a trend in the 1800s, when reformers in the United States built utopias.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Established in 1841, Brook Farm was a utopian community created to “guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor... <strong>and</strong> the fruits of their industry,” according to founder George Ripley.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This choice explains the goal of Brook Farm—to provide mental freedom to all by engaging individuals in labor suited to their interests—using a quotation from George Ripley. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice only mentions part of Ripley’s goal, and it doesn’t mention Brook Farm at all. Choice B is incorrect. This choice defines what a utopia is but doesn’t use Ripley’s words to describe his vision for Brook Farm. Choice C is incorrect. This choice provides some background information about Brook Farm, but it doesn’t explain its goals or include Ripley’s words.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ce282575",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>J.R.R. Tolkien’s 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.<br>The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their quest.<br>This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter.<br>The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters’ journey.<br>That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Hobbit’s opening map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter, while the closing map allows them to reconstruct the story they have just read.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a reproduction of a map that the characters use on their quest, as well as a map that appears at the end of the novel.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Hobbit’s two maps, one opening and one closing the novel, each serve a purpose for readers.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel featuring both an opening and a closing map.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence contrasts the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit, noting that the opening map introduces readers to the book’s fictional world, while the closing map helps readers reconstruct the story. The word “while” helps signal a contrast between the purposes of the maps. <br>Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the two maps, it doesn’t contrast the maps’ purposes. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the two maps and notes that each has a purpose, it doesn’t specify what those purposes are or how they contrast. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the two maps, it doesn’t contrast the maps’ purposes.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "d6dec50e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect of wind on auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites.<br>They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in order to make a successful landing.<br>When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful.<br>In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.<br>In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "For a 2019 study, researchers from the UK and Germany collected data on auks’ attempts to land at cliffside nesting sites in different wind conditions.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Emily Shepard and her colleagues wanted to know the extent to which wind affected auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites, so they conducted a study.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Knowing that auks often need multiple attempts to land at their cliffside nesting sites, Emily Shepard studied the birds’ success rate, which was only around 20% in some conditions.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Emily Shepard’s 2019 study of auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites showed that as wind conditions intensified, the birds’ success rate decreased.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively summarizes the study, noting who conducted it, when it was conducted, and what its results showed: that auks’ landing success rate decreased as wind conditions intensified. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence presents the methodology of the study—that is, the approach taken by the researchers—it fails to summarize the study as a whole. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence presents the aim, or goal, of the study, it fails to summarize the study as a whole. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence indicates what Shepard studied, it fails to mention a key factor: the effect of wind. It thus fails to summarize the study as a whole.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "d7c5388f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition.<br>C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon.<br>They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids.<br>S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.<br>They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Planetary scientists classify asteroids into types, two of which are the C-type and the S-type.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Planetary scientists consider an asteroid’s composition (such as whether the asteroid is composed mainly of silicate minerals or carbon) when classifying it.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Roughly 17 percent of known asteroids are classified as S-type asteroids; another percentage is classified as C-type asteroids.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "C-type asteroids are mainly composed of carbon, whereas S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids, noting that C-type asteroids are mainly composed of carbon, while S-type asteroids are mainly composed of silicate minerals. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence states that C-type and S-type are two types of asteroids, but it doesn’t emphasize a difference between them. Choice B is incorrect because it doesn’t directly mention C-type or S-type asteroids. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that 17 percent of known asteroids are S-type asteroids, it doesn’t identify the percentage of asteroids that are C-type. Therefore, the sentence doesn’t emphasize a difference between the two types.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "d9d314d9",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water.<br>Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores.<br>Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal.<br>Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a “transitional fossil.”<br>The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and teeth of a seal, which, like sea lions and walruses, is a pinniped.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores; a fossil that resembles both was recently found.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively emphasizes the fossil’s significance, explaining that the fossil is rare and illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes the fossil Rybczynski found; it doesn’t emphasize the fossil’s significance. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence mentions that a fossil resembling both pinnipeds and their ancestors was found; it doesn’t emphasize the fossil’s significance. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence notes a term used to describe the fossil Rybczynski found; it doesn’t emphasize the fossil’s significance.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "dd11e5ab",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era (1897–1920).<br>Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.<br>She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and public officials.<br>She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications, including letters and financial records.<br>Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the company’s unfair business practices.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the thoroughness of Ida Tarbell’s investigation of the Standard Oil Company. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Ida Tarbell not only interviewed Standard Oil executives, oil industry workers, and public officials but also examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Ida Tarbell, who investigated the Standard Oil Company, was a muckraker (a journalist who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era, 1897–1920).",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "As part of her investigation of the Standard Oil Company, muckraker Ida Tarbell conducted interviews.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Published in 1904, muckraker Ida Tarbell’s book The History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s unfair business practices.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. It describes Tarbell’s investigation and the lengths she went to complete it. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe how thorough Tarbell was. Instead, it gives a biographical sketch. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe how thorough Tarbell was. Tarbell didn’t only conduct interviews—she also “examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications.” Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe how thorough Tarbell was. It describes her book but doesn’t include anything about her investigation.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "dede8260",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>When medical students mention their patients on social media, they may violate patient confidentiality.<br>Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have student policies that mention social media use.<br>Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites, examining publicly available student policies.<br>Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention social media, and only five defined what constitutes acceptable social media use.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the study’s methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The student policies of 132 medical schools can be found online, according to research by Terry Kind.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "To find out how many medical schools have guidelines about student social media use, Terry Kind and her team examined the student policies of 132 medical schools.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Out of 132 medical schools, only thirteen had student policies that mentioned social media, and only five specified what use was acceptable.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Terry Kind and her team wanted to know how many medical schools have student social media policies in place about protecting patient confidentiality.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence effectively emphasizes Kind’s methodology: examining the student policies of 132 medical schools for guidelines about student social media use. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence specifies how many medical schools’ student policies are available online; it doesn’t emphasize the study’s methodology. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the study’s results, not the study’s methodology. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the aim of the study, not the study’s methodology.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "e2d97f10",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.<br>In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert.<br>She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult pterosaurs. <br>She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the bones had few growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs.<br>She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In 2021, Chinsamy-Turan studied pterosaur jawbones and was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juveniles or adults.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert were the focus of a 2021 study.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan used advanced microscope techniques to analyze the jawbones of pterosaurs, flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan determined that pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert had few growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs and thus belonged to juveniles.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence presents both the study and its findings, noting the study’s date and the researcher’s name as well as describing what the researcher determined about the jawbones and how she determined it. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence describes the study and the researcher’s initial assessment, it doesn’t present the study’s findings. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence describes the study and its focus, it doesn’t present the study’s findings or the name of the researcher who conducted it. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the study’s methodology and provides information about pterosaurs, it doesn’t present the study’s findings.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ed80971c",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.<br>It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.<br>The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by tribal members in 1992.<br>Its mission is stated on its website: “As a tribal museum and heritage center for the Zuni people and by the Zuni people we work to provide learning experiences that emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing, as well as exploring modern concepts of knowledge and the transfer of knowledge.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Pueblo of Zuni is home to the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center, which was founded by tribal members.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center has served the Pueblo of Zuni since 1992.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "According to its website, the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center (founded in the 1990s) works to “emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Knowledge has been one of the central themes of the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center from its founding.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This choice effectively uses information from the notes to emphasize how long the museum has existed. It says that the museum has existed since 1992. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize how long the museum has existed. It doesn’t say when the museum was founded. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize how long the museum has existed. It doesn’t say the exact date of the museum’s founding. Rather, it emphasizes the museum’s mission. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize how long the museum has existed. It doesn’t say when the museum was founded.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "efc19153",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Just like states have state flags, some cities have city flags.<br>Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags since 2015.<br>The city of Pocatello, Idaho, redesigned its flag after it was named the most poorly designed flag in North America.<br>Pocatello’s new flag better represents the city’s mountainous geography and civic priorities.<br>Residents consider the new flag to be a meaningful symbol of civic pride.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags, including Pocatello, whose flag had been named the most poorly designed flag in North America.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Pocatello is just one of over one hundred US cities that have redesigned their flags.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "After it was named the most poorly designed flag in North America, the flag of Pocatello was redesigned to better represent the city’s geography and civic priorities.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Redesigning a poorly designed city flag can create a meaningful symbol of civic pride, as was the case when Pocatello redesigned its original flag to better represent its geography and civic priorities.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence makes and supports a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag, noting that redesigning a city flag can create a meaningful symbol of civic pride, as was the case when the city of Pocatello redesigned its flag. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the sentence explains that many US cities have redesigned their flags and provides an example; it doesn’t make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag. Choice B is incorrect because the sentence provides an example of a city that redesigned its flag; it doesn’t make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes why the flag of Pocatello was redesigned; it doesn’t make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "f1631638",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.<br>He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.<br>A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.<br>Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.<br>He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo Anaya were both completed by Enriquez in the early 2000s.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans, including sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo Anaya.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a painting, and the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a drawing.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya was a Mexican American writer.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a difference between the portraits, noting that one is a painting and the other is a drawing. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two portraits rather than a difference. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about Enriquez’s portraits; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between the portraits of Jimenez and Anaya. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence notes a difference between Jimenez and Anaya, it doesn’t emphasize a difference between, or even mention, their portraits.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "f1d8550e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Jordan Bennett is a Mi’Kmaq visual artist.<br>The Mi’Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.<br>Bennett’s paintings pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship and have been displayed in over 75 exhibitions.<br>His 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.<br>His 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the order in which two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions were held. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Jordan Bennett’s 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was followed a year later by his exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Jordan Bennett’s paintings, some of which appeared in 2017 and 2018 exhibitions, pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Mi’Kmaq visual artist Jordan Bennett has displayed his work in over 75 exhibitions, including Wije’wi and Ketu’elmita’jik.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Jordan Bennett’s 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia; another was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the order in which two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions were held, indicating that Wije’wi took place in 2017 and Ketu’elmita’jik took place a year later (2018). <br>Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that exhibitions of Jordan Bennett’s paintings took place in 2017 and 2018, it doesn’t identify the exhibitions or emphasize the order in which they were held. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence mentions two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions, it doesn’t indicate the order in which they were held. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions and specifies when one of them was held, it doesn’t state when the exhibition at the Grenfell Art Gallery occurred. Thus, the order in which the two exhibitions were held isn’t clearly established in the sentence.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
];

export const RHETORICAL_HARD: PracticeQuestion[] = [
  {
    id: "0acc26b2",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions.<br>81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time.<br>81P/Wild’s orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter.<br>The comet’s orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits of comets. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions; the comets’ orbits may change over time.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Like Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars, billions of comets orbit the Sun.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "One example of a comet is 81P/Wild, whose orbit around the Sun once lay between Uranus’s and Jupiter’s orbits but is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over time: the orbit of comet 81P/Wild once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence makes a generalization—that a comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over time—and supports the generalization with the example of the orbit of comet 81P/Wild, which once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the number of comets orbiting the Sun and makes a generalization about their orbits, but it doesn’t support the generalization with an example. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about comets and compares them to the planets Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars; it doesn’t make and support a generalization about comets’ orbits. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides an example of a comet whose orbit has changed, it doesn’t make a generalization about the orbits of comets.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "0fab0c90",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century.<br>Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.<br>Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.<br>She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.<br>Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.<br>She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who have lived in the region for centuries.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have lived in the United States since the 18th century.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture through their museums.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the southeastern United States in the 18th century.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes both the duration (the length of time) and the purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work by noting that the women have been working since 2003 to preserve Gullah culture. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes what visitors to Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s museums can learn, it doesn’t mention the duration or purpose of the women’s work. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes the purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work, it doesn’t mention the duration of that work (the length of time the women have been working to preserve Gullah culture). Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes where and when Gullah culture developed, it doesn’t mention the duration or purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "10cd0327",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it.<br>In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants.<br>Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.<br>The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.<br>One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are largely composed of helium and hydrogen.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals, which may reside in the planets’ upper atmospheres.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a layer of atmosphere warmer than the layer beneath it, researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal inversion.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. It describes the study’s findings in a way that assumes the audience is already familiar with thermal inversions. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t fully describe the findings of the study, because it doesn’t include anything about thermal inversions. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe the study’s findings. Choice D is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for an audience already familiar with thermal inversion. A familiar audience wouldn’t need to have the term defined.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "16631d34",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.<br>Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.<br>Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.<br>These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.<br>Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song popularity.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This choice uses relevant information from the notes to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity—namely, that it may misidentify features of certain songs. It also contrasts audio features with descriptive tags, which are more reliable predictors. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice only states a fact about the algorithms without evaluating their reliability or accuracy. Choice C is incorrect. This choice only describes the difference between audio features and descriptive tags without indicating why this difference matters for predicting popularity. Choice D is incorrect. This choice only mentions descriptive tags, which are not the focus of the student’s rhetorical goal.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1773fa73",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world market.<br>Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms.<br>At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.<br>At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.<br>According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the 1980s when, according to Tsing, “the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of commodities, such as the matsutake mushroom, on the world market.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a commodity chain now links matsutake pickers in Oregon with wealthy consumers of the costly mushrooms in Japan.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at one end of the matsutake commodity chain.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence provides an overview of the matsutake commodity chain, connecting the Oregon mushroom pickers at one end to the Japanese consumers at the other. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the matsutake commodity chain, it focuses only on its origins; it does not provide an overview. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence provides a general definition of commodity chains, not an overview of the matsutake chain. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the matsutake commodity chain, it focuses only on one end of the chain (the consumers); it does not provide an overview.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "2c61e0b9",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs.<br>Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both.<br>The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for “In My Life,” is disputed.<br>Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles songs.<br>They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life,” stating that the verse is “consistent with Lennon’s songwriting style.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon wrote the verse of “In My Life.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life”; John Lennon is the more likely author.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for “In My Life.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of music.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence uses information from the notes to make a generalization about the kind of study Glickman, Brown, and Song conducted. Specifically, the sentence indicates that the study was of a kind that used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of music. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the sentence summarizes the methodology and findings of a particular analysis of a single song; it doesn’t make a generalization about the kind of study conducted. Choice B is incorrect because the sentence mentions the data and conclusion of a particular analysis of a single song; it doesn’t make a generalization about the kind of study conducted. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence focuses on a specific conclusion from a particular analysis of a single song; it doesn’t make a generalization about the kind of study conducted.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "39ccb463",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.<br>The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.<br>In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”<br>Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.<br>One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Cathryn Halverson’s Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly”  discusses female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "A magazine called the Atlantic Monthly, referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book title, was first published in 1857.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly”  features contributors to the Atlantic Monthly, first published in 1857 as a magazine focusing on politics, art, and literature.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "An author discussed by Cathryn Halverson is Juanita Harrison, whose autobiography appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in the early 1900s.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly, noting the title of Halverson’s book and describing its content without providing background information about the Atlantic Monthly. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The sentence introduces the Atlantic Monthly and mentions that it’s referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book title; it doesn’t effectively introduce Halverson’s book. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence assumes that the audience is unfamiliar with the Atlantic Monthly, providing background information about the magazine; it doesn’t effectively introduce Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence assumes that the audience is familiar with the Atlantic Monthly, it doesn’t effectively introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3dcc7140",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Nissologists are scientists who study islands.<br>Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.<br>Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.<br>Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having at least 50 permanent residents.<br>Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some nissologists, scientists who study islands.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent residents.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of Sweden shows.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence makes a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island—specifically, that the use of one definition rather than another can result in huge disparities in the number of islands counted—and supports that generalization by citing Sweden as an example. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence introduces one definition of an island to an audience unfamiliar with nissologists; it doesn’t make a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence synthesizes information from the notes about counts of Sweden’s islands, it doesn’t make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence makes an inference about islands in Sweden; it doesn’t mention nissologists’ definition of an island or make a generalization about it.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5222ffab",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain’s olfactory system.<br>They devised a study using mathematical models.<br>They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another.<br>In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at a given moment.<br>In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of processing smells in the piriform cortex, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study using mathematical models.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is captured by cells in the piriform cortex, where the perception of odor forms.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study to better understand the workings of the brain’s olfactory system.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between capturing olfactory information at a given moment and tracking changes in that information over time.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively summarizes the study’s findings, explaining what Padmanabhan and Chen found: that the brain can toggle between one method of processing smells (capturing information at a given moment) and another (tracking changes in information over time). <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions findings, it mainly focuses on Padmanabhan and Chen’s methodology. It doesn’t effectively summarize the study’s findings. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence notes a fact about the olfactory system—that the perception of odor forms in the piriform cortex—but doesn’t summarize the findings of Padmanabhan and Chen’s study. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence presents the goal of Padmanabhan and Chen’s study; it doesn’t summarize the study’s findings.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "56b000d0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one time) have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.<br>A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which factors influence lizard clutch size.<br>Meiri’s team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical models.<br>Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.<br>Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg clutch size because such factors have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers determined that larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical models.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the aim of the research study by highlighting what the researchers conducting the study wanted to know—specifically, which factors influence clutch size among lizards. <br>Choice B is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes what researchers determined at the end of the study, not what the study’s aim was. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes a finding from the research study, not the aim of the study. Choice D is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes the research study’s methodology, not its aim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5b8b69a2",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.<br>They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the Americas.<br>Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.<br>The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.<br>This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon Erlandson and colleagues.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and subsisting on a variety of resources.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones were submerged.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This choice summarizes the main idea of the kelp highway hypothesis, providing a high-level overview of how the hypothesis explains human migration to the Americas. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice describes one aspect of the proposed scenario but doesn’t discuss human migration, which is the main focus of the kelp highway hypothesis. Choice B is incorrect. This choice introduces the kelp highway hypothesis but doesn’t explain what it entails. Choice D is incorrect. This choice describes one element of the proposed scenario but doesn’t discuss human migration, which is the main focus of the kelp highway hypothesis.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5fa51c86",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.<br>The city’s population is 907,802.<br>Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.<br>Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.<br>The city’s population is 7,781,631.<br>Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631 people.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for more of its country’s population.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi), respectively.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the relative sizes of the capital cities’ populations, noting that even though Hanoi has more people overall, Ulaanbaatar accounts for a larger percentage of the people in its country. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence indicates the population size of each capital, it fails to emphasize their sizes relative to each other or to their countries’ overall population sizes. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the population sizes of the two countries; it fails to mention the capitals. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence indicates the population size of each capital, it fails to emphasize their sizes relative to each other or to their countries’ overall population sizes.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "622a351d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway.<br>The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.<br>The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.<br>It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.<br>It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal protections as a result of the Alta conflict.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal protections for Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. It makes a generalization—the conflict had a lasting impact—and then supports it with evidence—the attention and protections were results of the conflict. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t make a generalization about the conflict. It describes a specific event from the conflict. Choice B is incorrect. This choice makes a generalization about the Alta conflict, but doesn’t support it. Choice C is incorrect. This choice makes a statement about the aftermath of the conflict, but doesn’t support it. The statement is also a little too specific to be a generalization.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "64e88c58",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.<br>Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.<br>Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.<br>The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.”<br>Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation V instructs participants to “walk.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. It describes what a “Sonic Meditation” is, and then gives an example in the form of Meditation XVIII. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice describes what a “Sonic Meditation” is, but doesn’t give an example of one. Choice C is incorrect. This choice gives an example of a “Sonic Meditation,” but doesn’t explain what the meditations are. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe what a “Sonic Meditation” is.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "6c9df5d1",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.<br>The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.<br>Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.<br>The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants.<br>Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while Sinclair’s is fictional.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a book by Sinclair.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice emphasizes a difference between the two books by using relevant information from the notes to contrast their genres. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice mentions a difference between the books (their different topics), but it emphasizes a similarity between the books (their influence on readers). Choice C is incorrect. This choice provides information about the books that reflects both a similarity (both resulted in new laws) and a difference (the specific laws that resulted), without emphasizing either. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a difference between the two books. Instead, it emphasizes a similarity.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8d1ddd1b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother than when swimming alone.<br>The physics behind this energy savings hasn’t always been well understood.<br>Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.<br>The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the wake’s waves.<br>Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by 158%.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "A study revealed that ducklings, which expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother, also experience 158% less drag.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Seeking to understand how ducklings swimming in a line behind their mother save energy, Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Zhiming Yuan studied the physics behind the fact that by being pushed in a forward direction by waves, ducklings save energy.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Naval architect Zhiming Yuan discovered that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the waves of their mother’s wake, reducing the effect of drag by 158%.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence presents both the study and its methodology (that is, the researcher’s approach to the problem), explaining that Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake on the ducklings’ energy expenditure. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes the findings of Yuan’s study; it doesn’t present the study and its methodology. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides general information about Yuan’s study, it doesn’t present the study’s methodology. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes the findings of Yuan’s study; it doesn’t present the study and its methodology.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8fe4f4ab",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.<br>It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.<br>Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere and translated them into Arabic.<br>Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.<br>The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including from Greece, India, and China.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House of Wisdom.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic to be studied and shared.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The sentence explains how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge, noting that the library collected, translated, and printed writings from different countries.   <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, it doesn’t explain how the library preserved this knowledge. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about the scholars who were employed by the House of Wisdom; it doesn’t explain how the library preserved the world’s knowledge. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence identifies two authors whose writings were preserved at the House of Wisdom; it doesn’t explain how the library preserved the world’s knowledge.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "9551ef8b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea animals.<br>It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn’t dive into the water for prey.<br>One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water.<br>Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force.<br>This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "A magnificent frigatebird never dives into the water, instead using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Neither of a magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food requires the bird to dive into the water.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Of the magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food, only one is known as kleptoparasitism.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "In addition to snatching prey from the water with its hook-tipped bill, a magnificent frigatebird takes food from other birds by force.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires food, noting that neither way requires the seabird to dive into the water. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes how a magnificent frigatebird captures prey without diving into water; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways the seabird acquires food. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence notes the term used to describe one of the two ways that magnificent frigatebirds acquire food; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes the two ways that a magnificent frigatebird acquires food; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "96a86bce",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.<br>It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.<br>Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors in a photograph.<br>Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor Wat’s plaster walls.<br>Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied decorrelation stretch analysis to the photographs.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that Tan used to enhance the contrast between colors in a photograph.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of images hidden on the walls of Angkor Wat, a Cambodian temple.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple, Cambodia’s Angkor Wat concealed hundreds of images on its plaster walls.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively presents Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat, explaining the results of the research and identifying Angkor Wat as a temple in Cambodia. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence presents Tan’s research, it fails to explain what Angkor Wat is for an audience unfamiliar with the temple. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the role that decorrelation stretch analysis played in Tan’s research; it doesn’t present the research, which would require specifying where it was conducted. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence explains what Angkor Wat is, it fails to present Tan’s research.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "973632d2",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands.<br>Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.<br>Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and indexed the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were correlated.<br>Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.<br>Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University, wanted to know if woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now know that droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past, indexing the age of the trees with historical climate data.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The sentence effectively emphasizes the aim, or goal, of the research study (in other words, what the researchers hoped to learn from the study): Rogers and Russell wanted to know if woodland expansion is related to changes in climate. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the researchers’ findings; it doesn’t emphasize the aim of the study. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the results of the study; it doesn’t emphasize the aim. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the methodology of the study; it doesn’t emphasize the aim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "af88c47a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.<br>He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).<br>VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.<br>The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.<br>VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High School.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects, and it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a Producers Guild Award.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice introduces Wong and VGHS in an active and specific way, as if to an audience unfamiliar with the series. It also sets up the time and genre of the web series, which are useful ways to introduce the series of events in a narrative. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for beginning a narrative. A narrative is a story that follows a sequence of events and creates interest and suspense for the reader. This choice jumps to the end, explaining the success of VGHS without explaining what it is. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for beginning a narrative. It doesn’t actually introduce the web series by name. It just jumps to later in the story without sufficient explanation. Choice D is incorrect. This choice is not very effective for beginning a narrative. It doesn’t explain what VGHS is, and it doesn’t mention Wong.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "afec1a70",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.<br>A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural properties.<br>Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.<br>The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.<br>When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased, making the structures stiffer.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural properties.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became stiffer when pressure was applied.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. It describes the reason Bhosale’s team wanted to study the structures of bird nests—that is to say, the study’s primary aim. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the primary aim of the research study. It describes how the study worked, but not why it was done. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the primary aim of the research study. It describes a result of the experiment, but not why it was carried out. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the primary aim of the research study.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "c34d6bff",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the famous 1963 March on Washington.<br>Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers, was a political adviser who had worked for President Truman.<br>Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school desegregation.<br>Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the lineup of speakers at the march.<br>Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the cheering crowd.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the March on Washington. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for example, delivered a brief but memorable address.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a journalist and school desegregation advocate.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, Bates was the sole woman to speak at the march.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil rights, but only one spoke at the march.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The sentence compares the two women’s contributions to the march: Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, whereas Bates actually spoke at the event. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While it acknowledges that the two women both contributed to the march, it doesn’t indicate what Hedgeman did, so no comparison is made. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence provides information about the two women, it doesn’t mention anything about Bates’s contribution to the march. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the two women both fought for civil rights, it doesn’t compare their individual contributions to the march.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "db3ad406",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.<br>A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.<br>Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.<br>A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.<br>A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer forms stars.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This choice defines a quenched galaxy as “one that no longer forms stars.” <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice only describes what happens before quenching. Choice B is incorrect. This choice only describes what happens after quenching. Choice D is incorrect. This choice only describes what causes quenching.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "fdd9a360",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:<br><br>The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.<br>Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.<br>She described trees as “super-cooperators.”<br>In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated dozens of CMN studies.<br>They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that trees can exchange resources with one another in 1997.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note that common mycorrhizal networks “have captured the interest of broad audiences.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed concern that recent claims about common mycorrhizal networks are “disconnected from evidence.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood-wide web theory remains popular.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This choice uses a quotation to convey the authors’ criticism and challenge to the wood-wide web theory due to an absence of evidence. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. It uses a quotation to introduce the theory and its originator. It doesn’t mention any criticism or challenge to the theory. Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a quotation, but it doesn’t emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. It uses a quotation to describe the appeal and interest of the theory, but it doesn’t indicate why the authors are concerned or what evidence they have. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t use a quotation at all. It paraphrases the main idea of the 2022 study, but it doesn’t include any specific words or phrases from the notes. It also doesn’t emphasize a potential problem with the theory, but rather its popularity.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
];
