import { type PracticeQuestion } from "../../types/lesson";

export const COMMAND_EVIDENCE_EASY: PracticeQuestion[] = [
  {
    id: "0113152f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>American fashion designer Patrick Kelly was known for his love of colorful buttons. Many of his signature dresses feature bold assortments of buttons throughout the garment. In a paper, a fashion design student claims that Kelly’s use of buttons as decoration was inspired by his childhood observations of the styles and actions of the women in his family.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a work by a historian would be the most effective evidence for the student to include in support of this claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Although some of the assortments of buttons appear to be mismatched pieces scattered randomly throughout Kelly’s dresses, his most famous designs feature carefully crafted patterns of matching buttons.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Many of Kelly’s contemporaries were inspired by his designs to incorporate buttons, as well as zippers and snaps, as decorative items in their work.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Kelly’s grandmother, who would repair clothing when he was a child, frequently added mismatched buttons to the clothes to draw attention away from any flaws in the garments.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Kelly was destined to be a designer from a young age: he learned how to sew clothing from his aunt Bertha, and his love of drawing was developed by his mother.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This quotation draws a direct connection between the use of buttons and Kelly’s stylish female relatives.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice mentions Kelly’s use of buttons, but it doesn’t connect that design choice to the influence of women in Kelly’s family. Choice B is incorrect. This choice discusses how other designers were inspired by Kelly, which doesn’t provide evidence that Kelly was inspired by his family. Choice D is incorrect. While this choice does refer to fashionable women in Kelly’s family, it doesn’t connect their influence to Kelly’s use of buttons.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "0770b53d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather portrays Alexandra Bergson as having a deep emotional connection to her natural surroundings: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass had been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere, with the quail and the plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the future stirring.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Alexandra talked to the men about their crops and to the women about their poultry. She spent a whole day with one young farmer who had been away at school, and who was experimenting with a new kind of clover hay. She learned a great deal.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“It was Alexandra who read the papers and followed the markets, and who learned by the mistakes of their neighbors. It was Alexandra who could always tell about what it had cost to fatten each steer, and who could guess the weight of a hog before it went on the scales closer than John Bergson <strong>her father</strong> himself.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents the quotation that most directly illustrates the claim that Cather portrays Alexandra as having a deep emotional connection to her natural surroundings. This quotation states that the country meant a great deal to Alexandra and then goes on to detail several ways in which her natural surroundings affect her emotionally: the insects sound like “the sweetest music,” she feels as though “her heart were hiding” in the grass “with the quail and the plover,” and near the ridges she feels “the future stirring.” <br>Choice B is incorrect because the quotation doesn’t suggest that Alexandra had a deep emotional connection to her natural surroundings but instead describes how she interacts with the people around her to learn more about crops, poultry, and experiments with clover hay. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation doesn’t suggest that Alexandra has a deep emotional connection to her natural surroundings but instead describes her nighttime departure in a wagon. The quotation says nothing about Alexandra’s emotional state. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation doesn’t convey Alexandra’s deep emotional connection to her natural surroundings; instead, this quotation describes how well she understands the markets and livestock.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "08b28c1a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>A researcher conducted an experiment inspired by studies suggesting that people may benefit from feeling frightened in certain circumstances, such as when watching scary movies or visiting haunted attractions. The researcher recruited several participants and had them walk through a local haunted house attraction. Immediately after exiting the attraction, each participant completed a survey about their experience. Based on the survey responses, the researcher claims that feeling frightened in controlled situations can boost a person’s mood and confidence.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a participant would best illustrate the researcher’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“After I came out of the haunted house, I felt very accomplished and less stressed.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“My friends kept laughing as we were walking through the haunted house.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“The haunted house was scary at first, but I knew everyone was just acting, so I felt less scared after a few minutes.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“The sense of relief I felt at the end of the haunted house was similar to the feelings I have when I finish a scary movie.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice illustrates both “feeling frightened in controlled situations” (the haunted house) and the benefit of a boosted mood (“less stressed”) and confidence (“very accomplished”). <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice isn’t the best illustration of the claim. While laughing may indicate a good mood, this choice provides no evidence of “feeling frightened” or boosted confidence. Another choice provides better evidence. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn’t the best illustration of the claim. This choice demonstrates “feeling frightened” in a controlled environment, but it doesn’t provide strong evidence of boosted mood or confidence. Another choice provides better evidence. Choice D is incorrect. This choice isn’t the best illustration of the claim. While a “sense of relief” could be interpreted as a boosted mood, this choice doesn’t provide direct evidence of “feeling frightened” or of increased confidence. This choice simply suggests that haunted houses and scary movies have a similar effect. Another choice provides better evidence for the researcher’s claim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "08ff903e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>A museum curator is writing a biographical statement about Trinidadian-born Chinese dancer, choreographer, and teacher Dai Ailian for a new exhibit on Chinese dance. The curator claims that some of the pieces Dai created shortly after arriving in mainland China in 1941, such as the solo dance Yao Drum, reflect a desire to represent the dances of local communities Dai visited during her travels through China.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a work by a dance historian would be the most effective evidence for the curator to include in support of this claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“There is no sound or music accompanying Dai’s movements in Yao Drum, aside from the sounds of drumsticks beating against a drum and against each other.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Unlike some of the works Dai created in the early 1940s, Yao Drum does not feature a narrative structure, humorous elements, or references to real-life events.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Yao Drum was inspired by a ceremonial dance Dai witnessed during her time performing field research among the Yao people in the province of Guizhou in 1941 or 1942.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Yao Drum is notable for its intense physicality, with Dai performing sharp jumps, swift turns, and dramatic sweeps of her legs through the air as she moves in circles on the stage.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This choice clearly states that Yao Drum was inspired by a ceremonial dance of the Yao people. This directly supports the curator’s claim that some of Dai’s pieces “represent the dances of local communities” she visited. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice discusses the sound and music in Yao Drum, but it doesn’t connect these elements to “the dances of local communities,” which is the focus of the claim. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t mention the dances of local communities, but instead discusses how Yao Drum is different from some of Dai’s earlier works. Choice D is incorrect. This choice describes the choreography of Yao Drum, but it doesn’t connect these elements to “the dances of local communities,” which is the focus of the claim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "0b96fa93",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Maximum Height of Maple Trees When Fully Grown<br>Tree typeMaximum height (feet)Native to North AmericaSugar maple75yesSilver maple70yesRed maple60yesJapanese maple25noNorway maple50no<br>For a school project, a forestry student needs to recommend a maple tree that is native to North America and won’t grow more than 60 feet in height. Based on the characteristics of five common maple trees, she has decided to select a ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "silver maple." },
      { label: "B", text: "sugar maple." },
      { label: "C", text: "red maple." },
      { label: "D", text: "Norway maple." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement about the forestry student’s project. The table shows five types of maple trees, each tree’s maximum height, and whether each tree is native to North America. The text indicates that the student needs to recommend a maple tree that’s native to North America and won’t reach a height greater than 60 feet. The red maple is the only tree listed in the table that meets these criteria: its maximum height is 60 feet—meaning that it won’t grow higher than 60 feet—and it’s native to North America. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the text states that the student needs to recommend a tree that’s native to North America and won’t grow higher than 60 feet, but the table shows that the maximum height of the silver maple is 70 feet. Choice B is incorrect because the text states that the student needs to recommend a tree that’s native to North America and won’t grow higher than 60 feet, but the table shows that the maximum height of the sugar maple is 75 feet. Choice D is incorrect because the text states that the student needs to recommend a tree that’s native to North America and won’t grow higher than 60 feet, but the table shows that the Norway maple isn’t native to North America.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "145da981",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Effect of Paywall Introduction on Newspaper Companies’ Revenues<br>NewspaperTotal revenue change ($ in thousands)Percentage change (%)Newspaper sizeLos Angeles Times93,96612.5largeThe New York Times235,78820largeThe Denver Post−3,765negative 3,765−1negative 1smallSun Sentinel−24,899negative 24,899−11.9negative 11.9smallChicago Tribune94,49219large<br>Digital paywalls restrict access to online content to those with a paid subscription. In an investigation of the effect of paywalls on newspaper company revenues for print and digital subscriptions and advertising, Doug J. Chung and colleagues compared actual outcomes (with a paywall) to control estimates (without a paywall). The researchers concluded that introducing a paywall is generally more beneficial for larger newspapers, which have high circulation and tend to offer a substantial amount of unique online content.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support Chung and colleagues’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times had similar total revenue changes, but the Los Angeles Times had a smaller percentage change.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Los Angeles Times had a 12.5% revenue change, while the Chicago Tribune had a 19% revenue change.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The New York Times had a 20% revenue change, while the Denver Post had a −1%negative 1% revenue change.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Denver Post had only a −1%negative 1% revenue change, which was the smallest percentage change of the selected companies.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The conclusion is that paywalls are more beneficial for large newspapers. This data supports that conclusion by comparing the revenue increase of a large newspaper to the revenue decrease of a small newspaper. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the conclusion. It doesn’t include any small newspapers for comparison. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the conclusion. It doesn’t include any small newspapers for comparison. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the conclusion. It doesn’t include any large newspapers for comparison.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1703403b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The following 4 lines are shown:<br><br>Rincón<br>Isabela<br>San Sebastián<br>Ponce<br><br>The Rincón line:<br><br>Begins at May, 6.3 inches<br>Falls gradually to June, 5.8 inches<br>Rises gradually to July, 6.5 inches<br>Rises sharply to August, 8.3 inches<br>Falls sharply to September, 6.4 inches<br><br>The Isabela line:<br><br>Begins at May, 7.6 inches<br>Falls gradually to June, 6.4 inches<br>Falls gradually to July, 4.7 inches<br>Rises gradually to August, 6.4 inches<br>Falls gradually to September, 6.1 inches<br><br>The San Sebastián line:<br><br>Begins at May, 12.9 inches<br>Falls gradually to June, 11.3 inches<br>Falls sharply to July, 7.9 inches<br>Rises sharply to August, 10.3 inches<br>Rises gradually to September, 10.9 inches<br><br>The Ponce line:<br><br>Begins at May, 4 inches<br>Falls sharply to June, 1.9 inches<br>Rises gradually to July, 2.8 inches<br>Rises gradually to August, 3.9 inches<br>Rises gradually to September, 5.9 inches<br><br>A student is presenting average monthly rainfall totals in various Puerto Rican cities for a science class. During the presentation, the student notes that in September ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Rincón’s average rainfall is greater than that of Isabela, San Sebastián, and Ponce.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Rincón and Ponce have an average rainfall of about 5 inches, and Isabela and San Sebastián have an average rainfall of about 10 inches.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Rincón, Ponce, and Isabela each have an average rainfall below 8 inches, but San Sebastián’s average rainfall that month is greater than 8 inches.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Rincón has a similar average rainfall to Isabela, and Ponce has a similar average rainfall to San Sebastián.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement about average rainfall in September in select Puerto Rican cities. The graph shows that between 1981 and 2010 Rincón, Ponce, and Isabela all had an average rainfall during the month of September of about 6 inches, and San Sebastián had an average rainfall of nearly 11 inches. Describing the average September rainfall of Rincón, Ponce, and Isabela as below 8 inches and the average September rainfall of San Sebastián as greater than 8 inches therefore offers an accurate description of the data in the graph and most effectively completes the statement. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it offers an inaccurate interpretation of the data in the graph. The graph shows that in September, Rincón, Isabela, and Ponce all have an average rainfall of about 6 inches, and San Sebastián has an average rainfall of nearly 11 inches. Therefore, Rincón’s average rainfall is the same as, not greater than, that of Isabela and Ponce, and it is below, not greater than, that of San Sebastián. Choice B is incorrect because it inaccurately describes the data in the graph. In September, Rincón and Ponce have an average rainfall of about 6 inches, not 5 inches; Isabela has an average rainfall of about 6 inches, not 10 inches; and San Sebastián has an average rainfall of nearly 11 inches, not 10 inches. Choice D is incorrect because although the graph shows a similar average rainfall (about 6 inches) for Rincón and Isabela in September, it doesn’t show that Ponce has a similar average rainfall to San Sebastián during this month. In September, Ponce’s average rainfall is about 6 inches, whereas San Sebastián’s average rainfall is nearly 11 inches.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/1703403b_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "26ee16ba",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Hip-hop pedagogy is a form of teaching that’s gaining popularity across school subjects. It involves incorporating hip-hop and rap music into lessons as well as using hip-hop elements when teaching other subject matters. For example, Quan Neloms’s students look for college-level vocabulary and historical events in rap songs. Researchers claim that in addition to developing students’ social justice awareness, hip-hop pedagogy encourages student success by raising students’ interest and engagement.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Students tend to be more enthusiastic about rap music than they are about hip-hop music.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Students who are highly interested in social justice issues typically don’t sign up for courses that incorporate hip-hop and rap music.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Educators report that they enjoy teaching courses that involve hip-hop and rap music more than teaching courses that don’t.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Courses that incorporate hip-hop and rap music are among the courses with the highest enrollment and attendance rates.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. Enrollment and attendance are logical ways to measure whether students are interested and engaged. High enrollment and attendance suggests a high level of interest and engagement. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. Students’ preferences between hip-hop and rap aren’t relevant to the claim, which is focused on whether or not students like classes that use hip-hop pedagogy (which includes the educational use of both hip-hop and rap). Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. While the first part of the sentence discusses social justice, the underlined claim focuses on student success, which is unrelated. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. This tells us about teacher enjoyment, which isn’t relevant to a claim about student interest and engagement.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "30c3aa98",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>Copper had been mined in the US for thousands of years, but large-scale commercial mining of copper took off starting in the late 1800s. This was due to several factors. Technological advancements in the mining industry led to improvements in the production of copper. This helped the country keep up with the growing number of people wanting to buy copper starting in the 1890s. At the same time, the growth of the railroad system made the transportation of copper in large batches much easier. Several states saw rapid growth in the production of this resource, for example: ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses the data in the graph to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The rise in copper production in Michigan slowed from 1902 to 1909.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Montana and Arizona produced more copper than Michigan did in 1909.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Fewer than 100 million pounds of copper were produced in Arizona in 1889.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Copper production rose significantly from 1889 to 1909 for Arizona, Michigan, and Montana.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The text asks us to provide examples of several states that saw rapid growth in copper production from the 1890s onward. The graph depicts Arizona, Michigan, and Montana all experiencing such rapid growth during this time period.<br>Choice A is incorrect. The claim is about states experiencing rapid growth in copper production. This statement only discusses one state and does not provide evidence of rapid growth—in fact, it discusses a slow-down of growth. Choice B is incorrect. The claim is about states experiencing rapid growth in copper production, and this statement provides a comparison of production rates between states, rather than an example of rapid growth. Choice C is incorrect. The claim is about several states experiencing rapid growth in copper production. This statement only discusses one state and does not provide evidence of growth in copper production.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/30c3aa98_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "37a49687",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>Mangroves are trees or bushes that grow on the coastlines of seas and rivers. Areas with mangroves are great places for young fish since they help keep these fish fed and protected while they grow. To study the importance of mangroves to young fish, researchers Mohamed A.Abu El-Regal and Nesreen K. Ibrahim collected and identified young fish from three different mangrove sites in the Egyptian Red Sea. They collected fish in the winter, spring, and autumn of 2010, collecting a total of 269 fish from 21 different species. For some species, more fish were collected in the winter than the other two seasons, for instance: ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses the data in the graph to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "more common silver-biddy and milkfish were collected in the winter than in either of the other two seasons.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "the common silver-biddy was collected more frequently than the other two species in all three seasons.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "in the spring, researchers collected more Red Sea goldfish than they collected from the other two species.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "in the fall, researchers collected 10 common silver-biddy but collected no milkfish or Red Sea goatfish.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The claim is about which fish were collected more in winter than in other seasons. By comparing the number of common silver-biddy and milkfish collected in each season, we can see that more of these fish were collected in winter than in any other season. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The claim is about which fish were collected more in winter than in other seasons. This statement compares collections across the three species of fish, rather than comparing collections of individual types of fish across seasons. Choice C is incorrect. The claim is about which fish were collected more in winter than in other seasons. This statement is about spring, rather than winter. Choice D is incorrect. The claim is about which fish were collected more in winter than in other seasons. This statement is about fall, rather than winter, fish collections.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/37a49687_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "38e79659",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Attendance and Cost of Hosting for Past Four US World’s Fairs<br>World’s fairs held in the USCost (in US dollars)Number of visitorsCentury 21 Exposition (1962)$47 million9.60 millionHemisFair ’68$156 million6.40 million1984 World’s Fair$350 million7.35 millionExpo ’74$78 million5.60 million<br>Huge international exhibitions known as world’s fairs have been held since 1851, but the United States hasn’t hosted one since 1984. Architecture expert Mina Chow argues that this is because some people think the events are too expensive and not popular enough. For example, the 1984 World’s Fair cost $350 million and had only ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "7.35 million visitors." },
      { label: "B", text: "9.60 million visitors." },
      { label: "C", text: "6.40 million visitors." },
      { label: "D", text: "5.60 million visitors." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example of the high cost and low popularity of world’s fairs. The text presents Chow’s argument that the United States hasn’t hosted a world’s fair since 1984 because people think these exhibitions are overly expensive and insufficiently popular. The text then cites the 1984 World’s Fair as an example, noting that it cost $350 million. Since the example should illustrate both high cost and insufficient popularity, the best completion of the example is the information from the table that the 1984 World’s Fair had 7.35 million visitors. <br>Choice B is incorrect because it misrepresents data from the table. The table indicates that the 1984 World’s Fair, which is the world’s fair used as an example in the text, had 7.35 million, not 9.60 million, visitors. Choice C is incorrect because it misrepresents data from the table. The table indicates that the 1984 World’s Fair, which is the world’s fair used as an example in the text, had 7.35 million, not 6.40 million, visitors. Choice D is incorrect because it misrepresents data from the table. The table indicates that the 1984 World’s Fair, which is the world’s fair used as an example in the text, had 7.35 million, not 5.60 million, visitors.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "4042ff0b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Comfort Ratings and Temperature-Adjustment Preferences from One Survey<br>ParticipantComfort ratingPreferred temperature adjustment20−2negative 2Cooler11Cooler211Cooler<br>Nan Gao and her team conducted multiple surveys to determine participants’ levels of comfort in a room where the temperature was regulated by a commercial climate control system. Participants filled out surveys several times a day to indicate their level of comfort on a scale from −3negative 3 (very cold) to +3positive 3 (very hot), with 0 indicating neutral (neither warm nor cool), and to indicate how they would prefer the temperature to be adjusted. The table shows three participants’ responses in one of the surveys. According to the table, all three participants wanted the room to be cooler, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "and they each reported the same level of comfort." },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "even though each participant’s ratings varied throughout the day.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "but participant 20 reported feeling significantly colder than the other two participants did.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "but participant 1 reported feeling warmer than the other two participants did.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The text describes the comfort rating scale: from −3 (very cold) to +3 (very hot), with 0 being neutral. Participant 20 gave a −2 comfort rating, a full three points colder on the scale than the other two participants. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice misreads the table. Participant 1 and participant 21 reported the same level of comfort, but participant 20’s comfort level was three points lower. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t use data from the table. The table only shows us one survey, so we don’t know if the participants’ ratings varied throughout the day. Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the table. Participant 1 and participant 21 reported the same level of comfort.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "40578580",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Many scientists have believed that giraffes are solitary creatures, preferring to spend their time alone instead of with others. But observations of giraffes and their behavior in recent years has suggested that these animals may be more social than we once thought. For example, scientists Zoe Muller and Stephen Harris claim that giraffes may even help each other care for one another’s newborns.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support Muller and Harris’s  conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Female giraffes have been observed feeding young giraffes that aren’t their direct offspring.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Confrontations between a younger and an older male giraffe are frequently observed.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Some female giraffes have been observed sniffing and licking their newborn offspring.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Giraffes are able to make sounds but are rarely observed communicating with others.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      'Choice A is the best answer. If female giraffes feed nonoffspring young, that’s direct evidence that "giraffes may even help each other care for one another’s newborns."<br>Choice B is incorrect. Confrontations between males doesn’t tell us anything about whether giraffes help each other care for newborns. Choice C is incorrect. While this option does mention newborn offspring, it only discusses a mother’s behavior toward her own child, not another giraffe’s child. Choice D is incorrect. Whether or not giraffes are observed communicating with each other doesn’t tell us anything about whether they help each other care for newborns.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "46e45728",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Daily Distance Traveled by Adult Mountain Lions in Three Seasons<br>SeasonKilometers per day traveled by adult femalesKilometers per day traveled by adult malescold-dry9.2815.81monsoon12.6418.93hot-dry12.4818.87<br>Wildlife researcher Dana L. Karelus and her colleagues tracked the movements of female and male adult mountain lions over three seasons: the cold-dry season, the hot-dry season, and the monsoon season. They found that the least amount of travel per day occurred in ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "the cold-dry season for both females and males." },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "the cold-dry season for females and the hot-dry season for males.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "the hot-dry season for females and the monsoon season for males.",
      },
      { label: "D", text: "the monsoon season for both females and males." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. Females only traveled 9.28 km per day in the cold-dry season, versus 12.64 and 12.48 km per day in the monsoon and hot-dry seasons, respectively. Males only traveled 15.81 km per day per day in the cold-dry season, versus 18.93 and 18.87 km per day in the monsoon and hot-dry seasons, respectively. So, the cold-dry season was the season where both males and females had the least daily travel. <br>Choice B is incorrect. Although females traveled least in the cold-dry season, males didn’t travel least in the hot-dry season. Instead, they traveled less per day in the cold-dry season as well. Choice C is incorrect. Females had less daily travel in the cold-dry season than in the hot-dry season (9.28 versus 12.48 km per day), and males had less daily travel in the cold-dry season than in the monsoon season (15.81 versus 18.93 km per day). Choice D is incorrect. In fact, both females and males traveled the most kilometers per day in the monsoon season.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "47f2cddd",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“The Rock and the Sea” is an 1893 poem by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the poem, a rock is portrayed as intending to confront and restrain the sea: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “The Rock and the Sea” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“I am the Rock. Black midnight falls; / The terrible breakers rise like walls; / With curling lips and gleaming teeth / They plunge and tear at my bones beneath.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“I am the Sea. I hold the land / As one holds an apple in his hand, / Hold it fast with sleepless eyes, / Watching the continents sink and rise.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I am the Rock, presumptuous Sea! / I am set to encounter thee. / Angry and loud or gentle and still, / I am set here to limit thy power, and I will!”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“I am the Sea. The earth I sway; / Granite to me is potter’s clay; / Under the touch of my careless waves / It rises in turrets and sinks in caves.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This quotation focuses on the rock, which yells at the sea and announces its intent to “limit <strong>the sea’s</strong> power.” This matches the idea of confrontation and restraint in the claim we’re trying to support. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t illustrate the claim. While this quotation does focus on the rock, it suggests that the rock fears the sea. It lacks the sense of boldness and strength implied by the phrase “confront and restrain the sea.” Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t illustrate the claim. This quotation focuses on the sea, not the rock. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t illustrate the claim. This quotation focuses on the sea, not the rock.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5ff1ba73",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      '<p><strong>Guilds in French Cities in the Late Eighteenth Century</strong></p><table class="sat-table"><thead><tr><th>City</th><th>Date</th><th>Inhabitants</th><th>Number of guilds</th><th>Inhabitants per guild</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Paris</td><td>1766</td><td>600,000</td><td>133</td><td>4,511</td></tr><tr><td>Bordeaux</td><td>1762</td><td>80,000</td><td>49</td><td>1,633</td></tr><tr><td>Rouen</td><td>1775</td><td>74,000</td><td>112</td><td>661</td></tr><tr><td>Lyon</td><td>1789</td><td>143,000</td><td>72</td><td>1,986</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Guilds—local associations of artisans and merchants in the same industry—were widespread in France from the medieval period until the late eighteenth century. But guilds were much more numerous relative to the population in some cities than in others: for example, ______blank</p>',
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "there were 49 guilds in Bordeaux but 72 guilds in Lyon despite the two cities having nearly equal numbers of inhabitants.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Lyon had far fewer inhabitants than Paris did but had many more guilds.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "there was one guild for every 661 inhabitants in Rouen but one guild for every 4,511 inhabitants in Paris.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Paris had 133 guilds and 600,000 inhabitants, or one guild for every 4,511 inhabitants.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      'Choice C is the best answer. The claim we’re trying to prove is that guilds were much more numerous relative to population in some cities than others. This choice describes the guilds per number of inhabitants in two cities (Rouen and Paris), showing significant differences between guilds relative to population in these cities.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice misreads the table. Bordeaux had 80,000 inhabitants, according to the table, while Lyon had 143,000, so it isn’t correct to say that they had "nearly equal numbers of inhabitants." Lyon had almost twice as many inhabitants. Choice B is incorrect. This choice misreads the table. Although Lyon did have fewer inhabitants than Paris, it didn’t have more guilds—Paris had 133 guilds versus Lyon’s 72. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. To show that guilds were more numerous relative to population in some cities than others, we would need to compare at least two cities, and this choice only mentions one.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "628e1305",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Valia” is a 1907 short story by Leonid Andreyev. In the story, the author emphasizes that the setting where the character Valia is reading is nearly silent: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “Valia” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“The hand in which he carried his book was getting stiff with cold, but he would not ask his mother to take the book from him.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Valia was reading a huge, very huge book, almost half as large as himself.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Valia approached the window and examined the toys.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Everything in the room was quiet, so quiet that the only thing to be heard was the rustling of the pages he turned.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because this quotation most effectively illustrates the claim that the author emphasizes the near silence of the setting where the character Valia is reading. In the quotation, the author highlights the near silence of the setting by twice using the word “quiet” to describe the room. The author also calls attention to the fact that Valia is reading in a nearly silent setting by noting that the only sound to be heard is that of the pages being turned. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation suggests that Valia is in a chilly setting that causes his hand to become cold, not that he’s in a nearly silent setting. Choice B is incorrect because this quotation emphasizes the size of the book Valia is reading, not a quality of the setting where he’s reading it. Choice C is incorrect because this quotation describes Valia approaching a window and looking at toys, not reading in a quiet setting.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "6f626ae5",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“To You” is an 1856 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem, Whitman suggests that readers, whom he addresses directly, have not fully understood themselves, writing, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“You have not known what you are, you have slumber’d upon yourself / all your life, / Your eyelids have been the same as closed most of the time.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“These immense meadows, these interminable rivers, you are immense / and interminable as they.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I should have made my way straight to you long ago, / I should have blabb’d nothing but you, I should have chanted nothing / but you.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“I will leave all and come and make the hymns of you, / None has understood you, but I understand you.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents the quotation that most directly illustrates the claim that Whitman’s poem suggests that its readers haven’t fully understood themselves. This quotation makes that point directly by saying to readers, “You have not known what you are.” The quotation goes on to reinforce this point using a metaphor of sleep, saying that readers have “slumber’d” and that their “eyelids have been the same as closed most of the time.” <br>Choice B is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t suggest that readers haven’t fully understood themselves but instead characterizes readers as “immense” and “interminable.” Although immense and interminable things can be difficult to understand, this quotation doesn’t make that point. Choice C is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t suggest that readers haven’t fully understood themselves but instead conveys the speaker’s regret over not having celebrated readers sooner. In fact, this quotation says nothing at all about readers themselves—it’s focused solely on the speaker’s feelings about readers. Choice D is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t suggest that readers haven’t fully understood themselves; instead, this quotation makes the point that the speaker has understood readers and is determined to create “hymns” about them.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7254379e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Some residents in a neighborhood in Atlanta recently founded a community garden inside a local park. The residents agreed to volunteer to take care of the garden together. Students at a local high school surveyed some of the volunteers as part of a project to understand the impact of the new garden. The students concluded that the new garden benefited the community overall by fostering connections and relationships between the volunteers and other residents of the neighborhood who weren’t volunteering at the garden.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a survey respondent would best illustrate the students’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Our first challenge was deciding what plants would be most suitable to the climate and soil here in Atlanta. We needed plants that could survive the hot and humid summers.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“We’re lucky to have a few expert gardeners living in the neighborhood. Some volunteers and I have gone to them a few times with questions, and they’ve been eager to help us and to learn more about the project.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I love getting the opportunity to be outside and around nature, especially on days when the weather is nice.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“My favorite thing about the garden is the feeling of pride I get when I walk by each day. As I see the plants growing, I feel good knowing I had a small part in creating this beautiful space in the neighborhood.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This choice shows how volunteers have been interacting with nonvolunteer neighbors and benefiting from their gardening expertise: proof of the connections enabled by the garden.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This volunteer describes the challenges of developing the garden, which isn’t connected to the conclusion about the garden fostering connections between volunteers and neighbors. Choice C is incorrect. While the volunteer expresses enthusiasm for the garden, they don’t mention any interactions with other people, which is what the students need to show for their conclusion. Choice D is incorrect. The respondent enjoys and takes pride in the garden, but they don’t mention interacting with neighbors or other volunteers.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "75e07a4d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Sample of Food Items from Gemini Mission Menus<br>Food itemDayMealSugar cookie cubes1BChicken and vegetables2BShrimp cocktail4CHot cocoa3A<br>To make sure they got the nutrition they needed while in space, the astronauts of NASA’s Gemini missions were given menus for three meals a day (meals A, B, and C) on a four-day rotating schedule. Looking at the sample of food items from these menus, a student notes that on day 1, the menu included ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "shrimp cocktail for meal B." },
      { label: "B", text: "hot cocoa for meal C." },
      { label: "C", text: "sugar cookie cubes for meal B." },
      { label: "D", text: "chicken and vegetables for meal A." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement. The table shows that on day 1, the menu for NASA’s Gemini missions included sugar cookie cubes for meal B. <br>Choice A is incorrect because according to the table, shrimp cocktail was served on day 4, not day 1; moreover, the item was served for meal C, not meal B, as this choice claims. Choice B is incorrect because according to the table, hot cocoa was served on day 3, not on day 1; moreover, the item was served for meal A, not for meal C, as this choice claims. Choice D is incorrect because according to the table, chicken and vegetables were served on day 2, not on day 1; moreover, the item was served for meal B, not for meal A, as this choice claims.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7fdba7ad",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>The Milky Way galaxy is composed of millions of stars in a relatively flat structure containing a thin disk and a thick disk. Based on computer simulations and analysis of data on the brightness, position, and chemical composition of about 250,000 stars in the thick disk (collected from two telescopes, one in China and one orbiting in space), astrophysicists Maosheng Xiang and Hans-Walter Rix claim that the thick disk of the Milky Way formed in two distinct phases rather than a single one.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The telescopes used by the researchers have detected stars of similar ages in galaxies other than the Milky Way.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "There’s an age difference of about 2 billion years between certain stars in the thick disk.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The thin disk contains about twice as many stars that can be seen from Earth as the thick disk does.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The stars in the Milky Way tend to have very similar chemical compositions.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. A consistent age difference of 2 billion years between certain stars within the thick disk would support the claim that the thick disk formed in two phases instead of one, with the second phase beginning 2 billion years after the first phase. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. The researchers base their claim on their study of stars inside the thick disk of the Milky Way. This choice makes a comparison to stars in other galaxies, which isn’t relevant. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. The researchers base their claim on their study of stars inside the thick disk. This choice makes a comparison to the thin disk, which isn’t relevant. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. It’s too general. The claim is specifically about the thick disk.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "85439572",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Roasted green chiles are a popular ingredient in Southwestern cuisine, but the traditional roasting method of burning propane is not environmentally friendly. To see if solar power could provide a better alternative, engineer Kenneth Armijo and his team roasted batches of green chiles using between 38 and 42 heliostats, which are devices that concentrate sunlight. The team was successful in reaching the same roasting temperature used in traditional propane roasting, but they found that propane yielded faster results. While the fastest solar-roasted green chiles took six minutes, batches using propane took only four. Armijo hypothesizes that they can reduce the roasting time for solar-roasted green chiles by using more heliostats.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support Armijo’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The temperature inside the roasting drum is distributed more evenly when roasting green chiles with solar power than with propane.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Attempts to roast green chiles using 50 heliostats yields results in fewer than six minutes.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Green chile connoisseurs prefer the flavor of solar-roasted green chiles over the flavor of propane-roasted green chiles.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The skins of solar-roasted green chiles are easier to peel than the skins of propane-roasted green chiles.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. Armijo believes that using more heliostats will speed up the roasting process, and this finding shows that with 50 heliostats—more than the number of heliostats already used—the roasting time is indeed reduced. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The evenness of temperature in the roasting drum doesn’t tell us about the speed of the roasting process, which is what Armijo’s hypothesis is concerned with. Choice C is incorrect. Armijo’s hypothesis is focused on the speed of the roasting process, not the flavor of the resulting roasted chiles. Choice D is incorrect. Though Armijo’s hypothesis mentions a benefit of solar-roasting green chiles (easier peeling), it doesn’t address the speed of the roasting process.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "89f71526",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>When magma moves underneath a volcano, it causes the surface of the volcano to change. This is known as deformation. Researchers recently calculated the amount of deformation occurring each month for five volcanoes in Latin America. Although Sierra Negra experienced a lot of deformation, its deformation rate was still lower than that of ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "Alcedo." },
      { label: "B", text: "Pacaya." },
      { label: "C", text: "Fernandina." },
      { label: "D", text: "Maule." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. Pacaya had a deformation rate of almost 3.5 centimeters per month, while Sierra Negra had a deformation rate of less than 3 centimeters per month. Therefore, Sierra Negra’s deformation rate was lower than Pacaya’s. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Alcedo has a lower rate of deformation than Sierra Negra. Choice C is incorrect. Fernandina has a lower rate of deformation than Sierra Negra. Choice D is incorrect. Maule has a lower rate of deformation than Sierra Negra.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/89f71526_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "8af28416",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>All values are approximate.<br>The data for the 6 categories are as follows:<br><br>California: About halfway above 2,600<br>Wisconsin: Less than halfway above 1,200<br>New York: Less than halfway above 1,000<br>Pennsylvania: 800<br>Iowa: More than halfway above 600<br>Washington: About halfway above 600<br><br>Organic farming is a method of growing food that tries to reduce environmental harm by using natural forms of pest control and avoiding fertilizers made with synthetic materials. Organic farms are still a small fraction of the total farms in the United States, but they have been becoming more popular. According to the US Department of Agriculture, in 2016 California had between 2,600 and 2,800 organic farms and ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "Washington had between 600 and 800 organic farms." },
      { label: "B", text: "New York had fewer than 800 organic farms." },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Wisconsin and Iowa each had between 1,200 and 1,400 organic farms.",
      },
      { label: "D", text: "Pennsylvania had more than 1,200 organic farms." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it uses data from the graph to accurately complete the text. The graph shows the number of organic farms located in each of six US states in 2016: between 2,600 and 2,800 in California; between 1,200 and 1,400 in Wisconsin; between 1,000 and 1,200 in New York; approximately 800 in Pennsylvania; and between 600 and 800 in both Iowa and Washington. The last sentence of the text provides information about the number of organic farms in 2016, first describing the number in California. The best completion of the sentence is the choice that accurately describes the number of organic farms in 2016 in another state, which the assertion that Washington had between 600 and 800 organic farms provides. <br>Choice B is incorrect because it doesn’t accurately reflect the data from the graph. The graph indicates that there were between 1,000 and 1,200 organic farms in New York, not fewer than 800 organic farms. Choice C is incorrect because it doesn’t accurately reflect the data from the graph. While the graph indicates that there were between 1,200 and 1,400 organic farms in Wisconsin in 2016, there were only between 600 and 800 in Iowa. Choice D is incorrect because it doesn’t accurately reflect the data from the graph. The graph indicates that in 2016 there were approximately 800 organic farms in Pennsylvania, not more than 1,200.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/8af28416_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "9debe79a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Average Temperatures in July in Four Locations in the Navajo Nation<br>LocationAverage highest temperature (Fahrenheit)Average lowest temperature (Fahrenheit)Teec Nos Pos94°65°Cameron99°65°Ramah83°50°Tuba City83°50°<br>The Navajo Nation has the largest land area of any tribal nation in the United States: over 27,000 square miles in the Southwest. Because this area is so huge and its communities are located at various elevations, the people of the Navajo Nation can experience different climate conditions depending on where they live. For example, in July, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "the lowest temperature for both Cameron and Teec Nos Pos was 65°.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Tuba City’s average highest temperature was 94°, while Teec Nos Pos’s was 93°.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Ramah’s average highest temperature was 83°, while Cameron’s was 99°.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "the lowest temperature for both Ramah and Tuba City was 50°.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement, providing an example of how the people of the Navajo Nation can experience different climate conditions depending on where they live. The table shows the average highest temperatures and average lowest temperatures in four locations in the Navajo Nation in July. According to the table, Ramah’s average highest temperature for July was 83°, whereas Cameron’s average highest temperature was much higher, at 99°. This difference illustrates the statement that the people of the Navajo Nation can experience different climate conditions depending on where they live. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it states that Cameron and Teec Nos Pos had the same average lowest temperature (65°) for July, which suggests a similarity in climate conditions in those locations rather than a difference. Choice B is incorrect because it misrepresents the data from the table, which shows that the average highest temperature in July for Tuba City was 83°, not 94°, and for Teec Nos Pos it was 94°, not 93°. Even if the cited data accurately reflected the data in the table, the similarity between the two values for average highest temperature would suggest that people in the two locations likely experience similar climate conditions, not different climate conditions. Choice D is incorrect because it states that Ramah and Tuba City had the same average lowest temperature (50°) for July, which suggests a similarity in climate conditions in those locations rather than a difference.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a9040290",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The data for the 2 categories are as follows: <br><br>West: 150.2 thousand megawatt-hours<br>Midwest: 182.6 thousand megawatt-hours<br><br>Electric companies that use wind turbines rely on weather forecasts to predict the maximum amount of power, in megawatt-hours (MWh), they can generate using wind so that they can determine how much they’ll need to generate from other sources. When winds are stronger than they were forecast to be, however, the predicted maximum amount of electricity wind turbines could generate will be too low. For example, the graph shows that for the West region, the winds were ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "strong enough to generate about 150 thousand more MWh of electricity from wind turbines.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "so weak that the electricity from wind turbines was about 175 thousand MWh less than predicted.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "so weak that the electricity from wind turbines was about 150 thousand MWh less than predicted.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "strong enough to generate about 175 thousand more MWh of electricity from wind turbines.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The claim is that when winds are stronger than forecasted, wind turbines can generate more energy than predicted. The supporting graph shows the additional amount (above the predicted amount) that the turbines generated under those conditions, with the West generating about 150 thousand additional MWh. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t complete the example. The graph shows the additional amount of electricity that the wind turbines generated. The West bar is greater than 0, so the West generated more than the predicted amount. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t complete the example. The graph shows the additional amount of electricity that the wind turbines generated. The West bar is greater than 0, so the West generated more than the predicted amount. Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The graph shows us that the West (the bar on the left) generated about 150 thousand additional MWh.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/a9040290_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "a9ac31e4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows: <br><br>Gorner: 41.2 square kilometers<br>Fiescher: 29.8 square kilometers<br>Unteraar: 22.7 square kilometers<br><br>To monitor changes to glaciers in Switzerland, the government periodically measures them for features like total area of ice and mean ice thickness, which are then reported in the Swiss Glacier Inventory. These measurements can be used to compare the glaciers. For example, the Gorner glacier had ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "a larger area than either the Fiescher glacier or the Unteraar glacier.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "a smaller area than the Fiescher glacier but a larger area than the Unteraar glacier.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "a smaller area than either the Fiescher glacier or the Unteraar glacier.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "a larger area than the Fiescher glacier but a smaller area than the Unteraar glacier.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The claim is that measurements such as total area can be used to compare glaciers. The graph shows us the area measurements for three glaciers. Of those, Gorner has the largest area. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The graph shows that Gorner has the largest area of the three. Choice C is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The graph shows that Gorner has the largest area of the three. Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The graph shows that Gorner has the largest area of the three.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/a9ac31e4_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "ab94d40a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Time Participants Spent Reading about Five London Museums<br>Museum NameRankingPercentage of total time spent reading about museum by participants provided with rankingPercentage of total time spent reading about museum by participants not provided with rankingBritish Museum13618National Gallery22120Tate Modern41617Victoria and Albert Museum51423Natural History Museum31322<br>Researchers recently conducted an experiment to understand how we use rankings to make decisions. They created a fictitious travel website describing five museums in London. Then, they invited two groups of participants, who had never visited the museums, to review the site and select the museum they would be most likely to visit. Meanwhile, the researchers tracked the amount of time each participant spent reading about each museum. For one group, the website ranked each museum, titling the page “The Top 5 Museums in London.” For the other group, the museums and their descriptions were not ranked. The researchers concluded that when reviewing ranked lists, we tend to focus on the top-ranked option.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the table that support the researchers’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Participants who were not provided with a ranking of the museums spent roughly equal amounts of time reading about each museum.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Participants who were provided with a ranking of the museums spent disproportionately more time reading about the British museum.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Participants who were provided with a ranking of the museums spent the least amount of time reading about the Natural History Museum.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Participants who were not provided with a ranking of the museums spent the most time reading about the Victoria and Albert Museum.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. By looking at the top-ranked option, we can see that people provided with ranked lists spent more time reading about the British Museum than reading about other museums (36% of the time versus 21% for the second-ranked option).<br>Choice A is incorrect. The claim is about people with ranked lists, and these data are about those with unranked lists. Choice C is incorrect. The claim is about people with ranked lists looking at the top-ranked option, and these data are about the third-ranked option. Choice D is incorrect. The claim is about people with ranked lists, and these data are about those with unranked lists.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "af125459",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Number and Origin of Clamshell Tools Found at Different Depths below the Surface in Neanderthal Cave<br>Depth of tools found below surface in cave (meters)Clamshells that Neanderthals collected from the beachClamshells that Neanderthals harvested from the seafloor2–3703–499334–5205–61876–710<br>Two kinds of clamshell tools used by Neanderthals were dug up in a cave on the western coast of Italy. Archaeologist Paola Villa and her colleagues studied the tools and determined that Neanderthals either collected clams that had washed onto the beach or harvested clams from the seafloor and then sharpened the shells to make tools. The highest number of tools made from clamshells that were collected from the beach was found at a depth of ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "5–6 meters below the surface." },
      { label: "B", text: "4–5 meters below the surface." },
      { label: "C", text: "3–4 meters below the surface." },
      { label: "D", text: "6–7 meters below the surface." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement about the depth at which the highest number of tools made from clamshells that Neanderthals collected from the beach was found. The table presents the depths at which Neanderthal clamshell tools were found, and, for each depth, the number of those tools made from clamshells that washed up on the beach and the number made from clamshells harvested from the seafloor. The table indicates that the highest number made from clamshells collected from the beach was 99 and that these tools were found at a depth of 3–4 meters. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the table indicates that 18 tools made from clamshells collected from the beach were found at a depth of 5–6 meters, which is fewer than the 99 tools found at a depth of 3–4 meters. Choice B is incorrect because the table indicates that 2 tools made from clamshells collected from the beach were found at a depth of 4–5 meters, which is fewer than the 99 tools found at a depth of 3–4 meters. Choice D is incorrect because the table indicates that 1 tool made from clamshells collected from the beach was found at a depth of 6–7 meters, which is fewer than the 99 tools found at a depth of 3–4 meters.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "c384987b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Scientists have long believed that giraffes are mostly silent and communicate only visually with one another. But biologist Angela Stöger and her team analyzed hundreds of hours of recordings of giraffes in three European zoos and found that giraffes make a very low-pitched humming sound. The researchers claim that the giraffes use these sounds to communicate when it’s not possible for them to signal one another visually.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support Stöger and her team’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Giraffes have an excellent sense of vision and can see in color.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The giraffes only produced the humming sounds at night when they couldn’t see one another.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Wild giraffes have never been recorded making humming sounds.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Researchers observed other animals in European zoos humming.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support Stöger and her team’s claim that giraffes use humming to communicate when they cannot signal to one another visually. The text indicates that scientists have long thought that giraffes produce little sound and exclusively rely on visual signals to communicate with one another. The text goes on to say, however, that Stöger and her team have recorded giraffes in three European zoos making a low-pitched humming sound, which the team claims the giraffes use to communicate when they cannot see each other. If the giraffes produced these sounds when visual communication was impossible and never produced them otherwise, that would support Stöger and her team’s claim about the circumstance in which giraffes make the sound. <br>Choice A is incorrect because finding that giraffes have excellent vision and can see in color would have no bearing on Stöger and her team’s claim that giraffes produce a low-pitched humming noise to communicate when they cannot communicate visually. As presented in the text, Stöger and her team’s claim is restricted to circumstances in which giraffes cannot signal one another visually; if the giraffes are unable to signal visually, their sense of vision is irrelevant to their communication. Choice C is incorrect because finding that wild giraffes have never been recorded making humming noises would not support Stöger and her team’s claim about the function of the humming noise that the researchers recorded from the giraffes in European zoos. The text provides no information about whether researchers have even attempted to record low-pitched humming in wild giraffes, so nothing can be concluded about the implications of the lack of such recordings. Choice D is incorrect because finding that other animals in European zoos had been observed humming would not support Stöger and her team’s claim, since it would not indicate anything about why giraffes produce humming sounds. Different species could produce similar sounds for different purposes, so scientists could not conclude anything about the function of giraffe humming from a finding that some other animals in zoos also hum.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "c4bee178",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Moons of Dwarf Planets<br>Dwarf planet nameNumber of moonsName of moonsHaumea2Hi‘iaka, NamakaCeres0N/AMakemake1MK 2Eris1DysnomiaPluto5Charon, Nix, Kerberos, Styx, Hydra<br>Like Earth, some dwarf planets in the solar system have exactly one moon. Two examples of such dwarf planets are ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "Eris and Makemake." },
      { label: "B", text: "Haumea and Eris." },
      { label: "C", text: "Pluto and Haumea." },
      { label: "D", text: "Makemake and Ceres." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement about dwarf planets that have exactly one moon. The table lists several dwarf planets in one column and the number of moons that each of those dwarf planets has in another column. The text states that some dwarf planets have exactly one moon and indicates that there are two examples. Only two dwarf planets in the table have exactly one moon: Eris and Makemake. <br>Choice B is incorrect. According to the table, Eris has exactly one moon, but Haumea has two moons. Choice C is incorrect. According to the table, Haumea has two moons, and Pluto has five moons. Thus, they are not examples of dwarf planets with exactly one moon. Choice D is incorrect because while the table indicates that Makemake has exactly one moon, the table shows that Ceres has no moons at all.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "df34b586",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The following 4 lines are shown:<br><br>New Zealand<br>Australia<br>the Philippines<br>Turkey<br><br>The New Zealand line:<br><br>Begins at 1903, 4,284<br>Rises gradually to 1908, 4,918<br>Rises gradually to 1913, 4,962<br>Falls gradually to 1918, 4,119<br><br>The Australia line:<br><br>Begins at 1903, 21,147<br>Rises gradually to 1908, 24,276<br>Rises gradually to 1913, 24,495<br>Falls gradually to 1918, 20,332<br><br>The Philippines line:<br><br>Begins at 1903, 1,937<br>Rises gradually to 1908, 2,241<br>Rises sharply to 1913, 27,266<br>Rises sharply to 1918, 44,820<br><br>The Turkey line:<br><br>Begins at 1903, 24,439<br>Rises sharply to 1908, 33,200<br>Rises sharply to 1913, 50,794<br>Falls sharply to 1918, 13,604<br><br>By the early 1900s, the Singer Corporation, a US sewing machine manufacturer founded in 1851, began to see rapidly increasing sales abroad, particularly in Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom. These markets were responsible for the bulk of Singer’s overseas sales, but demand for the company’s machines in other countries also grew significantly in the early twentieth century. For instance, sales of their sewing machines in ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "the Philippines increased dramatically from 1908 to 1918.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "New Zealand were largely consistent from 1903 to 1918.",
      },
      { label: "C", text: "Australia increased steadily from 1903 to 1918." },
      { label: "D", text: "Turkey declined substantially from 1913 to 1918." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example. According to the graph, fewer than 10,000 sewing machines were sold in the Philippines in both 1903 and 1908, but nearly 30,000 were sold in 1913 and around 45,000 were sold in 1918. This increase illustrates the statement in the text that demand for Singer sewing machines grew significantly in the early twentieth century in overseas countries other than Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom. <br>Choice B is incorrect because consistent sales of Singer sewing machines in New Zealand from 1903 to 1918 do not indicate that demand for the product increased but rather that demand remained relatively the same. Choice C is incorrect because it does not accurately describe the data in the graph. Although sales in Australia did increase somewhat between 1903 and 1908, there was very little change between 1908 and 1913, and then sales declined between 1913 and 1918. The data for Australia, then, do not show a steady increase from 1903 to 1918. Choice D is incorrect because declining sales of Singer sewing machines in Turkey from 1913 to 1918 do not point to an increase in demand for the product but rather to a decline in demand.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/df34b586_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "e441da80",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The line graph: <br><br>Begins at 2010, 1,076<br>Rises gradually to 2011, 1,189<br>Rises sharply to 2012, 1,496<br>Rises gradually to 2013, 1,600<br>Falls sharply to 2014, 998<br>Falls gradually to 2015, 903<br>Falls gradually to 2016, 814<br>Rises sharply to 2017, 1,115<br>Falls sharply to 2018, 872<br>Falls sharply to 2019, 465<br><br>Investigative journalists research and report about fraud, corruption, public hazards, and more. The graph shows the number of investigative articles published in the Albuquerque Journal newspaper from 2010 to 2019. According to an analyst, although the number of investigative articles published in this newspaper has varied significantly over the period shown, the number overall has fallen since 2010.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to justify the underlined claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The newspaper published approximately 1,000 investigative articles in 2010 and approximately 500 in 2019.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The smallest annual number of investigative articles published in the newspaper during the period shown is approximately 1,600 in 2013.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The greatest annual number of investigative articles published in the newspaper during the period shown is approximately 1,000 in 2017.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The newspaper published approximately 1,000 investigative articles in 2010 and approximately 1,600 in 2013.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. By comparing the number of investigative articles in 2010 to the number in 2019, we can see that the number has fallen overall. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The 1,600 articles published in 2013 was the largest annual number of investigative articles published during the period. Also, notice that the claim focuses on an overall change, while this choice just focuses on one year. We can’t determine an overall increase or decrease by looking at just one year. Choice C is incorrect. The 1,000 articles published in 2017 wasn’t the largest number published during the period. Also, notice that the claim focuses on an overall change, while this choice just focuses on one year. We can’t determine an overall increase or decrease by looking at just one year. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t justify the claim. The claim is about a decrease in articles published between 2010 and 2019. This data shows an increase in articles published over a different period (2010-2013).",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/e441da80_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "e7dc27dc",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>As a monthly newsletter formed in 1969 by a group of Asian American students at the University of California, Los Angeles, Gidra helped raise awareness about social and political issues concerning the Asian American community on campus and at large. The newsletter had an expansive reach for a publication of its kind: around 4,000 copies were published each month. A student writing a history paper, however, hypothesizes that Gidra’s influence cannot be measured by the number of newsletters published monthly alone.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The students who initially formed Gidra each contributed financially to its creation.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In addition to covering current events, Gidra also featured works of art and literature.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Gidra was initially based out of the Asian American Studies Center at UCLA.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "People would often give their copies of Gidra to others once they had finished reading an issue.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. If there were more Gidra readers than there were copies of the newsletter, then the newsletter’s influence would be much greater than its 4,000 monthly copies. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Information about the newsletter’s initial funding doesn’t tell us about the influence that the newsletter eventually had. Choice B is incorrect. While the content of Gidra was undoubtedly related to the newsletter’s influence, this information isn’t relevant to the specific hypothesis about monthly circulation numbers. Choice C is incorrect. Where the publishers of Gidra were initially based doesn’t tell us about the newsletter’s overall influence.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "f38b40ac",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In addition to her technical skill and daring feats, American stunt pilot Bessie Coleman was also known for dazzling the crowds that came to watch her air shows in the 1920s with her exuberant personality. During her career, she was careful and purposeful about how she crafted her public persona. An aviation researcher has claimed that Coleman intentionally defied social norms of the time by how she chose to present herself to the public.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from an article about Coleman would most directly support the aviation researcher’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“For her air shows, Coleman frequently used the Curtiss JN-4, or ‘Jenny,’ which at that time was one of the most well-known types of planes.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“While Coleman was beloved by spectators for her charisma, she had a more complicated relationship with her managers and staff, who at times found her behavior too impulsive and demanding.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Coleman once considered leaving her career as a stunt pilot to focus her efforts on giving speeches, which she felt would better support her public image.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Although female pilots were typically expected to wear traditional but impractical attire that included dresses or skirts, photographs of Coleman show her wearing pants and leather jackets.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This choice supports the claim of Coleman’s intentional defiance of social norms: female pilots were expected to wear skirts, but Coleman wore pants and leather jackets instead. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Coleman flew a well-known, common plane, which would not have defied social norms among pilots. Choice B is incorrect. Her complicated relationship with managers and staff would not have been a component of Coleman’s public persona. This choice also fails to mention any “social norms of the time.” Choice C is incorrect. While this quotation suggests that Coleman was careful and purposeful about her public image, it doesn’t directly mention anything about “social norms of the time.”",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "f452410b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Results of Footprint Analysis for Two Sets of Theropod Tracks<br>TracksEstimated footprint length (centimeters)Average stride length (meters)Estimated mean speed (meters per second)La Torre 6A32.85.236.5–10.3La Torre 6B28.95.578.8–12.4<br>The table shows data from paleontologist Angélica Torices and colleagues’ 2021 study of two sets of dinosaur tracks preserved in a fossilized lake bed in Spain. The tracks, referred to as La Torre 6A and La Torre 6B, were left by two individual theropods (dinosaurs that walked on two legs). The team’s findings suggest that of the two theropods, the one that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a higher maximum mean speed, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the claim?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "a longer footprint, and a longer average stride." },
      { label: "B", text: "a longer footprint, and a shorter average stride." },
      { label: "C", text: "a shorter footprint, and a longer average stride." },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "a shorter footprint, and a shorter average stride.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the claim about the tracks left by two therapods. The table indicates that the set of tracks labeled La Torre 6A has an estimated footprint length of 32.8 centimeters, an average stride length of 5.23 meters, and an estimated mean speed of 6.5–10.3 meters per second. For the set of tracks labeled La Torre 6B, on the other hand, the estimated footprint length is 28.9 centimeters, the average stride length is 5.57 meters, and the estimated mean speed is 8.8–12.4 meters per second. Therefore, the therapod that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a shorter footprint and a longer average stride than the one that left the La Torre 6A tracks.<br>Choice A is incorrect. While it is true that of the two therapods, the one that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a longer average stride, it didn’t have a longer footprint: the table shows that its estimated footprint length is 28.9 centimeters, while La Torre 6A’s estimated footprint length is 32.8 centimeters. Choice B is incorrect because the table shows that of the two therapods, the one that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a footprint length estimated at 28.9 centimeters, which is shorter than the 32.8 centimeters estimated for the other set of tracks. Moreover, the therapod that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a longer average stride, not shorter: 5.57 meters, compared with 5.23 meters for the other set of tracks. Choice D is incorrect. While it is true that of the two therapods, the one that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a shorter footprint, it didn’t have a shorter average stride: the table shows that its average stride length is 5.57 meters, while La Torre 6A’s average stride length is 5.23 meters.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "faaf484f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Percent of Residents of City Areas in Favor of Adding More Bike Paths<br>City AreaPercent of area’s residents in favor of adding more bike pathsNorth East12%North Central26%North West46%South West88%South Central33%<br>A city’s Parks and Recreation department is interested in providing residents with more opportunities for bicycling in their neighborhoods. They’re considering adding more bike paths and conducted a survey to understand where demand for more bike paths is highest. The survey indicated the highest level of demand, with 88 percent of the residents interested in adding more bike paths, is in the city’s ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "South West area." },
      { label: "B", text: "South Central area." },
      { label: "C", text: "North East area." },
      { label: "D", text: "North Central area." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement about the bike path survey. The table presents the percent of residents from five city areas who are in favor of adding more bike paths. With 88 percent of residents in favor of adding bike paths, the city’s South West area has the highest level of demand. <br>Choice B is incorrect because, according to the data in the table, 33 percent of residents in the South Central area of the city are in favor of additional bike paths. The area of the city that has 88 percent of its surveyed residents in favor of additional bike paths will best complete the statement. Choice C is incorrect because, according to the data in the table, 12 percent of residents in the North East area of the city are in favor of additional bike paths. The area of the city that has 88 percent of its surveyed residents in favor of additional bike paths will best complete the statement. Choice D is incorrect because, according to the data in the table, 26 percent of residents in the North Central area of the city are in favor of additional bike paths. The area of the city that has 88 percent of its surveyed residents in favor of additional bike paths will best complete the statement.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
];

export const COMMAND_EVIDENCE_MEDIUM: PracticeQuestion[] = [
  {
    id: "03e5cf33",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Many insects are iridescent, or have colors that appear to shimmer and change when seen from different angles. Scientists have assumed that this feature helps to attract mates but could also attract predators. But biologist Karin Kjernsmo and a team had the idea that the shifting appearance of colors might actually make it harder for other animals to see iridescent insects. To test this idea, the team put beetle forewings on leaves along a forest path and then asked human participants to look for them. Some of the wings were naturally iridescent. Others were painted with a nonchanging color from the iridescent spectrum, such as purple or blue.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s idea?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "On average, participants found most of the purple wings and blue wings and far fewer of the iridescent wings.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "On average, participants found the iridescent wings faster than they found the purple wings or blue wings.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Some participants reported that the purple wings were easier to see than the blue wings.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Some participants successfully found all of the wings on the leaves.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents the finding that, if true, would most strongly support the research team’s idea about the effect of iridescence, or colors that appear to shimmer and change. The text indicates that although some scientists have assumed that iridescence could attract predators, Kjernsmo’s team wondered if iridescent insects might be harder for other animals to see. The team tested this idea by asking human participants to look for both iridescent beetle wings and beetle wings that weren’t iridescent but that had been painted colors such as purple or blue. If participants located most of the purple or blue wings but far fewer of the iridescent wings, that finding would support the team’s idea since it would suggest that noniridescent wings are easier to see than iridescent wings. <br>Choice B is incorrect because if participants located the iridescent wings more quickly than the purple or blue wings, that finding would weaken the team’s idea, not support the team’s idea, since it would suggest that the iridescent wings were easier to see than the noniridescent wings. Choice C is incorrect because finding that some participants believed that the purple wings were easier to see than the blue wings would be irrelevant to the team’s idea. The purple and blue wings were both noniridescent, so any difference in how easy those two colors were to see would have nothing to do with the idea that iridescent insects are harder to see than noniridescent insects. Choice D is incorrect because if some participants found all the wings, that wouldn’t support the team’s idea that iridescent insects may be harder to see than noniridescent insects. If anything, this finding might weaken the team’s idea since it could suggest that iridescence had no effect on how difficult the wings were to see.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "0c622cfb",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Although it’s clear that Mars once had liquid water on its surface, astronomers have debated whether the evidence of ancient water reflects a prolonged phase of warm, wet conditions—the so-called wet and warm scenario—or a brief period of melting in an otherwise consistently frozen environment. Researchers Benjamin T. Cardenas and Michael P. Lamb recently added to this debate by using data from NASA and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter to map the topography of what is now a large basin in Mars’s northern hemisphere. Cardenas and Lamb concluded that the wet and warm scenario is likely correct.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding about the basin, if true, would most directly support Cardenas and Lamb’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Its dimensions and shape indicate that it is unlikely to have formed as the result of an asteroid or comet impact.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "It has features suggesting that it once held an ocean that underwent gradual sea-level changes over an extended time.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Its physical characteristics are most consistent with it having formed as a result of a massive but short-lived influx of liquid water.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "It is surrounded by channels that could have been formed either by running water or by flowing lava.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      'Choice B is the best answer. This choice provides direct support for the researchers’ conclusion. If the basin once held an ocean of liquid water for "an extended time," that supports the "wet and warm scenario" on Mars, which involved a "prolonged" period of temperate conditions (and not just a "brief period of melting").<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t provide support for the researchers’ conclusions. The dimensions of the basin have little bearing on whether or not it was filled with liquid water, and for how long, and that’s the evidence that would support the "wet and warm" theory. Similarly, whether or not the basin was formed by an asteroid or a comet is irrelevant to the question of whether or not there was water in the basin for a long period. Choice C is incorrect. This choice does not provide support for the researchers’ conclusions, but rather the opposite. A "massive but short lived influx" of liquid water is not the same as a "prolonged phase of warm, wet conditions." It more reflects the opposing theory, a "brief period of melting." Choice D is incorrect. This choice does not support Cardenas and Lamb’s conclusion. Both theories about liquid water on Mars ("wet and warm" and "brief period of melting") involve flowing water, but lava isn’t mentioned at all in the text. Therefore, this choice doesn’t provide exclusive support for either theory.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "16a4a83b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>An Ideal Husband is an 1895 play by Oscar Wilde. In the play, which is a satire, Wilde suggests that a character named Lady Gertrude Chiltern is perceived as both extremely virtuous and unforgiving, as is evident when another character says ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from An Ideal Husband most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Lady Chiltern is a woman of the very highest principles, I am glad to say. I am a little too old now, myself, to trouble about setting a good example, but I always admire people who do.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Do you know, <strong>Lady Chiltern</strong>, I don’t mind your talking morality a bit. Morality is simply the attitude we adopt towards people whom we personally dislike.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“<strong>Lady Chiltern</strong> does not know what weakness or temptation is. I am of clay like other men. She stands apart as good women do—pitiless in her perfection—cold and stern and without mercy.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Lady Chiltern, you are a sensible woman, the most sensible woman in London, the most sensible woman I know.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses a quotation to illustrate the claim that Lady Gertrude Chiltern is perceived as “both extremely virtuous and unforgiving.” In the quotation, a man describes Lady Chiltern as someone who “does not know what weakness or temptation is.” In other words, the man regards her as someone who is strong and adheres to a strict definition of moral perfection. However, he ironically suggests that this definition excludes mercy and forgiveness—qualities that are also thought of as virtues; according to him, Lady Chiltern is “pitiless in her perfection—cold and stern and without mercy.” This description supports the idea that Lady Chiltern is perceived by others as virtuous as well as unforgiving. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The quotation supports the claim that Lady Chiltern is perceived as virtuous, in that it describes her as “a woman of the very highest principles.” However, it doesn’t characterize her as unforgiving or being perceived as such. Choice B is incorrect. The quotation suggests that Lady Chiltern is concerned with morality, but it suggests that her interest in discussing it is fundamentally hypocritical and functions as a means by which to judge others. However, the quotation doesn’t address the question of whether Lady Chiltern is unmerciful to those who seek forgiveness for harm they have caused. Choice D is incorrect because it doesn’t address either Lady Chiltern’s perceived virtuousness or her perceived lack of forgiveness; instead, it expresses the belief that she is sensible.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "194dd448",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“John of God, the Water-Carrier” is a 1913 short story by María Cristina Mena. In the story, the narrator presents John as being a hard worker who is fully dedicated to his job as water carrier, or aguador: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “John of God, the Water-Carrier” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Very happy, he would jog home, the heavy silver pieces in his leather pockets making a discreet and dulcet ‘trink-trak’ between his jugs and his body.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“He learned that the city aguador may not blow his whistle to halt the traffic while he gravely crosses the street, but must wait for the passing of many vehicles, some with horses and some outlandishly without.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“From early morn to the fall of the afternoon he would go from fountain to fountain and from portal to portal, his lean body so accustomed to bending that he never thought of straightening it, his head bowed as if in prayer.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“When his first jugs had worn out—the sweet-scented, porous red clay becomes perforated in time—he had buried them to their necks in the corner where he slept, and they were now his treasury.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim in the text that John is hard-working and dedicated to his job. In the quotation, John is portrayed as spending “early morn to the fall of the afternoon” working hard as a water carrier. John is also described as “so accustomed to bending” while doing his work “that he never thought of straightening” his body, instead remaining deeply focused on his work. These details portray John as a dedicated worker. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation portrays John as happy about heading home after being paid. It doesn’t showcase John being hard at work. Choice B is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t pertain to John’s commitment to his work; it describes difficulties the traffic in the city causes John in the performance of his work. Choice D is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t pertain to John’s commitment to his work; it discusses what John does with his worn-out water jugs.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1d08c7ee",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Pulitzer Prize–winning writer Héctor Tobar has built a multifaceted career as both a journalist and an author of short stories and novels. In an essay about Tobar’s work, a student claims that Tobar blends his areas of expertise by applying journalism techniques to his creation of works of fiction.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a literary critic best supports the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“For one novel, an imagined account of a real person’s global travels, Tobar approached his subject like a reporter, interviewing people the man had met along the way and researching the man’s own writings.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Tobar got his start as a volunteer for El Tecolote, a community newspaper in San Francisco, and wrote for newspapers for years before earning a degree in creative writing and starting to publish works of fiction.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Many of Tobar’s notable nonfiction articles are marked by the writer’s use of techniques usually associated with fiction, such as complex narrative structures and the incorporation of symbolism.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“The protagonist of Tobar’s third novel is a man who wants to be a novelist and keeps notes about interesting people he encounters so he can use them when developing characters for his stories.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The example of Tobar approaching his subject “like a reporter,” including conducting “interviews” and “research,” shows Tobar applying journalism techniques to his fiction-writing. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. It tells us about Tobar’s initial career as a journalist, but it doesn’t say anything about him “applying journalism techniques” to his fiction-writing. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. It tells us that Tobar applied fiction techniques to his nonfiction writing, but we’re looking for evidence of the other way around: that Tobar applied journalism techniques to his fiction-writing. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. It tells us that a character in one of Tobar’s novels applied a journalism technique to his fiction-writing, but it doesn’t tell us that Tobar did that himself.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "1db1a9a6",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>control<br>nitrogen fertilizer<br><br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows:<br><br>2017:<br><br>control: 23.8 pounds per acre<br>nitrogen fertilizer: 33.8 pounds per acre<br><br>2018:<br><br>control: 31.6 pounds per acre<br>nitrogen fertilizer: 41.5 pounds per acre<br><br>2019:<br><br>control: 18.4 pounds per acre<br>nitrogen fertilizer: 27.2 pounds per acre<br><br>To test the effects of a nitrogen fertilizer on cantaloupe production, researchers grew cantaloupe plants and harvested their fruit over three years. In each year, half the plants were grown using a nitrogen fertilizer, and the other half were grown using a control fertilizer that contained no nitrogen. The researchers concluded that the nitrogen fertilizer increases cantaloupe yield.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In every year of the experiment, plants treated with the nitrogen fertilizer had a yield of at least 30 pounds per acre.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In every year of the experiment, plants treated with the nitrogen fertilizer had a greater yield than did plants treated with the control fertilizer.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The 2018 yield for plants treated with the control fertilizer was greater than was the 2019 yield for plants treated with the nitrogen fertilizer.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The yield for plants treated with the nitrogen fertilizer increased from 2017 to 2018.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it describes data from the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion that using nitrogen fertilizer increases cantaloupe production. The bar graph shows the cantaloupe yield for plants grown with nitrogen fertilizer and for those grown with a control fertilizer (without nitrogen) for three consecutive years (2017–2019). For each year in the graph, the yield for the nitrogen group is greater than the yield for the control group. In pounds per acre, the value in 2017 for the nitrogen-group yield is greater than 30 while the control-group yield is less than 25; in 2018 the nitrogen-group yield is greater than 40 while the control-group yield is less than 35; and in 2019 the nitrogen-group yield is greater than 25 while the control-group yield is less than 20. Thus, these data from the graph strongly support the conclusion that using nitrogen fertilizer increases cantaloupe yield. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the bar graph shows that in 2019 the nitrogen group had a yield below 30 pounds per acre. Choice C is incorrect. Although this choice accurately describes data in the bar graph—in 2018, the control-group yield is greater than 30 pounds per acre, and in 2019 the nitrogen-group yield is less than 30 pounds per acre—a claim that the control-group yield exceeds that of the nitrogen group strongly conflicts with the researchers’ conclusion that nitrogen fertilizer produces larger yields. Choice D is incorrect. Although it is true that the bar graph shows a higher yield for the nitrogen group in 2018 than in 2017, without the control to compare against, it is impossible to know whether the increase is due to the fertilizer and not, for example, more favorable weather in 2018 than in 2017.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/1db1a9a6_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "1f3be847",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Loon Point” is a 1912 poem by Amy Lowell. In the poem, which presents a nighttime scene on a body of water, Lowell describes an element of nature as an active participant in the experience, writing, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “Loon Point” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Through the water the moon writes her legends / In light, on the smooth, wet sand.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Softly the water ripples / Against the canoe’s curving side.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Or like the snow-white petals / Which drop from an overblown rose.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“But the moon in her wayward beauty / Is ever and always the same.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim that Lowell describes an element of nature as an active participant in the experience of a nighttime scene on a body of water. The quotation presents the image of the moon shining on a body of water. However, instead of describing the moon in passive terms or simply stating that it reflects through the water and onto the sandy shore, the quotation portrays the moon as being engaged in the humanlike action of writing a legend. In other words, the moon is participating actively in the nighttime scene. <br>Choice B is incorrect. Although the quotation describes a nighttime scene on a body of water, the element of nature in these lines—the waves—isn’t portrayed as an active participant in an experience; instead, the waves merely ripple softly against a canoe, as waves would normally do. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation doesn’t present a nighttime scene on a body of water; instead, it describes petals falling from a rose. Choice D is incorrect. Although the quotation presents an image of an element of nature—the moon—it doesn’t mention a body of water; moreover, it portrays the moon not as an active participant in a scene but instead as static or unchanging (“ever and always the same”).",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "22e4d633",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Although many transposons, DNA sequences that move within an organism’s genome through shuffling or duplication, have become corrupted and inactive over time, those from the long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) family appear to remain active in the genomes of some species. In humans, they are functionally important within the hippocampus, a brain structure that supports complex cognitive processes. When the results of molecular analysis of two species of octopus—an animal known for its intelligence—were announced in 2022, the confirmation of a LINE transposon in Octopus vulgaris and Octopus bimaculoides genomes prompted researchers to hypothesize that that transposon family is tied to a species’ capacity for advanced cognition.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The LINE transposon in O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides genomes is active in an octopus brain structure that functions similarly to the human hippocampus.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The human genome contains multiple transposons from the LINE family that are all primarily active in the hippocampus.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "A consistent number of copies of LINE transposons is present across the genomes of most octopus species, with few known corruptions.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides have smaller brains than humans do relative to body size, but their genomes contain sequences from a wider variety of transposon families.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The text says that LINE transposons are important in the human hippocampus, which supports complex cognition. If the LINE transposon found in octopuses is active in a similar part of their brain, that would suggest that LINE transposons support complex cognition in octopuses too, which in turn supports the hypothesis that LINE transposons are linked to advanced cognition in general. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the hypothesis. It doesn’t include anything about how LINE transposons function in species other than humans. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the hypothesis. It doesn’t include anything about how the LINE transposon in octopuses might support advanced cognition. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the hypothesis. It doesn’t include anything about how the LINE transposon in octopuses might support advanced cognition.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "23e2421a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>Gabrielle Adams and colleagues reviewed suggestions for improving a university that had been submitted to the university’s president. They coded each suggestion as additive (the idea suggested adding something new to the university), subtractive (the idea suggested removing something from the university), neither additive nor subtractive, or invalid (the idea was not comprehensible). The data illustrated people’s tendency to overlook the possibility of removing things to achieve improvements: ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data in the graph to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "around 175 suggestions were coded as neither additive nor subtractive, whereas around 575 suggestions were coded as additive.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "more than 350 suggestions were coded as invalid, whereas fewer than 100 suggestions were coded as subtractive.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "fewer than 100 suggestions were coded as subtractive, whereas more than 550 suggestions were coded as additive.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "around 575 suggestions were coded as additive, whereas around 175 suggestions were coded as subtractive.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. This choice shows that people suggested removing things to achieve improvements a lot less often than they suggested adding things, which supports the claim that people tend not to think of removing things as a likely way to improve the university. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. We are looking to prove that people suggested subtractive means of achieving improvements less often than other means, but this choice doesn’t address how often people made subtractive suggestions. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. Invalid responses were incomprehensible, so we can’t compare what they were suggesting to what was being suggested in subtractive responses. Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. Fewer than 100 suggestions were coded as subtractive. 175 is the approximate number of suggestions coded as “neither additive or subtractive.”",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/23e2421a_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "25176ff8",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Mrs. Spring Fragrance” is a 1912 short story by Sui Sin Far. In the story, Mrs. Spring Fragrance, a Chinese immigrant living in Seattle, is traveling in California. In letters to her husband and friend, she demonstrates her concern for what’s happening at her home in Seattle while she is away: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from Mrs. Spring Fragrance’s letters most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“My honorable cousin is preparing for the Fifth Moon Festival, and wishes me to compound for the occasion some American ‘fudge,’ for which delectable sweet, made by my clumsy hands, you have sometimes shown a slight prejudice.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Next week I accompany Ah Oi to the beauteous town of San José. There will we be met by the son of the Illustrious Teacher.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Forget not to care for the cat, the birds, and the flowers. Do not eat too quickly nor fan too vigorously now that the weather is warming.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“I am enjoying a most agreeable visit, and American friends, as also our own, strive benevolently for the accomplishment of my pleasure.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a quotation that illustrates the claim that Mrs. Spring Fragrance demonstrates concern for what’s happening at home while she’s in California. By giving reminders to “care for the cat, the birds, and the flowers,” “not eat too quickly,” and avoid engaging in strenuous activity in the heat, Mrs. Spring Fragrance shows that she’s thinking about what’s happening at home and wants to ensure everything is taken care of. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the quotation, while it does suggest that Mrs. Spring Fragrance has made fudge at home before, is focused on preparations for an upcoming festival, not on concerns for anything happening at home while Mrs. Spring Fragrance is away. Choice B is incorrect because the quotation has to do with an upcoming event during Mrs. Spring Fragrance’s trip—visiting San José and meeting someone new—rather than her concern for what’s happening at home. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation is focused on how Mrs. Spring Fragrance feels about her trip and the friends she’s seeing, not on her concern for what’s happening at home.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "25290c8d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“On Virtue” is a 1766 poem by Phillis Wheatley. Wheatley addresses the poem directly to the quality of virtue, imploring it to assist her in reaching a future goal: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “On Virtue” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Attend me, Virtue, thro’ my youthful years! / O leave me not to the false joys of time! / But guide my steps to endless life and bliss.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“I cease to wonder, and no more attempt / Thine height t’explore, or fathom thy profound.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“O thou bright jewel in my aim I strive / To comprehend thee. Thine own words declare / Wisdom is higher than a fool can reach.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“But, O my soul, sink not into despair, / Virtue is near thee, and with gentle hand / Would now embrace thee, hovers o’er thine head.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      'Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim that Wheatley addresses her poem "On Virtue" to the quality of virtue, imploring it to assist her in reaching a future goal. In the quotation, Wheatley begs virtue to accompany her, or "attend <strong>her</strong>," through her youth and to "guide <strong>her</strong> steps to" the future goal of "endless life and bliss."<br>Choice B is incorrect because this quotation suggests the difficulty of fully comprehending virtue. Rather than asking virtue for help, Wheatley presents it as a quality that is impossible to entirely understand because it is so grand and deep. Choice C is incorrect because this quotation describes Wheatley’s effort to comprehend virtue despite virtue itself declaring that such wisdom is beyond her grasp, or "higher than a fool can reach." Choice D is incorrect because rather than asking virtue for help in this quotation, Wheatley urges herself to "sink not into despair" because virtue is always nearby.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "2584bcfb",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Matthew D. Rocklage and team examined whether consumer ratings of movies can predict box office success. The team considered both numeric star ratings and written reviews in their research. To analyze the written reviews, the team measured the emotionality—the degree to which a written review expresses an emotional reaction—of user reviews on a movie rating website, assigning each review an emotionality score. After reviewing this research, a student argues that the emotionality of movie reviews is unrelated to a movie’s success at the box office.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Movies that had the highest average emotionality scores received the lowest average star ratings on the movie rating website.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The average emotionality score of a movie’s reviews was a positive predictor of that movie’s box office earnings.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "More than half of the movies that the team examined received an average star rating of 3 out of 5 stars.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The movies that were most successful at the box office tended to have high average star ratings.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This choice weakens the student’s conclusion by suggesting that the emotionality of movie reviews is related to box office success: the higher the emotionality score, the better the movie performs at the box office. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While this choice does mention emotionality scores, it only connects them to star ratings, not to box office success. Choice C is incorrect. The fact that many movies received an average star rating doesn’t tell us anything about the relationship between emotionality and box office success. Choice D is incorrect. While this choice suggests that star ratings can predict box office success, it doesn’t address the issue of emotionality in written reviews, which is the focus of the student’s conclusion.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "29cde5fa",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker” is a 1900 short story by Paul Laurence Dunbar. In the story, the narrator describes Mr. Cornelius Johnson’s appearance as conveying his exaggerated sense of his importance: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“He carried himself always as if he were passing under his own triumphal arch.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“The grey Prince Albert was scrupulously buttoned about his form, and a shiny top hat replaced the felt of the afternoon.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“It was a beautiful day in balmy May and the sun shone pleasantly on Mr. Cornelius Johnson’s very spruce Prince Albert suit of grey as he alighted from the train in Washington.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Mr. Cornelius Johnson always spoke in a large and important tone.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This quote most effectively illustrates the claim. The claim is that the narrator describes Mr. Johnson as arrogant and self-important. This basically says that Mr. Johnson always looks like he’s congratulating himself for something, which definitely supports the idea that Mr. Johnson is arrogant! . <br>Choice B is incorrect. This quote doesn’t illustrate the claim. The claim is that the narrator describes Mr. Johnson’s appearance as conveying his arrogance. This describes his appearance, but the description doesn’t suggest a sense of arrogance. Choice C is incorrect. This quote doesn’t illustrate the claim. The claim is that the narrator describes Mr. Johnson’s appearance as conveying his arrogance. This doesn’t describe Mr. Johnson’s appearance very much, and it doesn’t suggest a sense of arrogance. Choice D is incorrect. This quote doesn’t effectively illustrate the claim. It describes Mr. Johnson’s tone of voice as “large and important,” but it doesn’t describe his appearance as conveying a sense of self-importance.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "2df730d0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>All other things being equal, the larger a wind turbine’s rotor diameter (the diameter of the imaginary circle swept by the turbine’s rotating blades), the greater amount of energy the turbine can generate. In a research paper on wind power, a student claims that in the United States, the amount of energy generated per newly installed turbine increased substantially between 2011 and 2021.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The percentage of newly installed turbines with rotor diameters greater than 130 meters increased every year between 2011 and 2021.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In 2011, nearly 80% of turbines installed had rotor diameters of less than 100 meters, whereas only a little more than 20% of turbines installed that year had rotor diameters of 100–115 meters.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "No turbines installed in 2011 had rotor diameters greater than 115 meters, whereas the majority of turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters greater than 130 meters.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Most turbines installed in 2011 had rotor diameters of less than 100 meters, whereas most turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters of at least 115 meters.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The text tells us that turbines with larger rotor diameters produce more energy, so if rotor diameters have generally gotten larger between 2011 and 2021, then turbines created in 2021 should produce more energy than those created in 2011.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The percentage of newly installed turbines with rotor diameters greater than 130 meters didn’t show any visible increase until 2018. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t justify the claim. The claim is about increasing energy output from 2011 to 2021, but this choice only discusses 2011, so it can’t show evidence of change over time. Choice C is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. In 2021, only about 25% of turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters greater than 130 meters.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/2df730d0_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "2ef8e367",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“To You” is an 1856 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem, Whitman suggests that he deeply understands the reader, whom he addresses directly, writing, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "“Your true soul and body appear before me.”" },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Whoever you are, now I place my hand upon you, that you be my poem.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I should have made my way straight to you long ago.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Whoever you are, I fear you are walking the walks of dreams.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most directly illustrates the text’s claim about Whitman’s poem, “To You.” The text says that in this poem, Whitman suggests that he deeply understands the poem’s reader. This quotation says that the reader’s “true soul and body appear before” Whitman, thereby asserting that he can see the reader as the reader truly is, suggesting that he deeply understands the reader. <br>Choice B is incorrect because this quotation describes Whitman making the reader the subject of the poem (“you be my poem”), not Whitman deeply understanding the reader. Choice C is incorrect because instead of suggesting that Whitman deeply understands the reader, it emphasizes Whitman’s regret at not having addressed the reader sooner. Choice D is incorrect. Although this quotation shows Whitman directly addressing the reader and expressing concern about the reader, it doesn’t illustrate the idea that Whitman suggests that he deeply understands the reader. The quotation is simply expressing concern about the reader, which doesn’t necessarily imply deep understanding of the reader.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "39de2206",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>The Post Office is a 1912 play by Rabindranath Tagore, originally written in Bengali. The character Amal is a young boy who imagines that the people he sees passing the window of his home are carefree even when engaged in work or chores, as is evident when he says to the daughter of a flower seller, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from The Post Office most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“I see, you don’t wish to stop; I don’t care to stay on here either.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Oh, flower gathering? That is why your feet seem so glad and your anklets jingle so merrily as you walk.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I’ll pay when I grow up—before I leave to look for work out on the other side of that stream there.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Wish I could be out too. Then I would pick some flowers for you from the very topmost branches right out of sight.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim that Amal imagines the people he sees are carefree even when engaged in work. In the quotation, Amal observes that the flower seller’s daughter is “flower gathering,” or working, as the text indicates. Moreover, Amal notes that the daughter’s feet “seem so glad” and her “anklets jingle so merrily,” suggesting that Amal believes that the flower seller’s daughter is cheerful. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the quotation makes no observation about the cheerful mood of the flower seller’s daughter. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation discusses how Amal envisions his future, not the feelings of the flower seller’s daughter. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation discusses Amal’s wishes, not the feelings of the flower seller’s daughter.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5d453dcc",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>low information<br>high information<br><br>The data for the 7 categories are as follows:<br><br>1:<br><br>low information: 78%<br>high information: 92%<br><br>2:<br><br>low information: 62%<br>high information: 85%<br><br>3:<br><br>low information: 57%<br>high information: 86%<br><br>4:<br><br>low information: 47%<br>high information: 80%<br><br>5:<br><br>low information: 62%<br>high information: 87.5%<br><br>6:<br><br>low information: 69%<br>high information: 88%<br><br>7:<br><br>low information: 81.5%<br>high information: 94%<br><br>Economists Kerwin Kofi Charles and Melvin Stephens Jr. investigated a variety of factors that influence voter turnout in the United States. Using survey data that revealed whether respondents voted in national elections and how knowledgeable respondents are about politics, Charles and Stephens claim that the likelihood of voting is driven in part by potential voters’ confidence in their assessments of candidates—essentially, the more informed voters are about politics, the more confident they are at evaluating whether candidates share their views, and thus the more likely they are to vote.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Charles and Stephens’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "At each point on the political orientation scale, high-information voters were more likely than low-information voters to vote.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Only low-information voters who identify as independents had a voting probability below 50%.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The closer that low-information voters are to the ends of the political orientation scale, the more likely they were to vote.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "High-information voters were more likely to identify as strong Democrats or strong Republicans than low-information voters were.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it uses data from the graph to effectively support Charles and Stephens’s claim about how level of information affects voters. The graph shows the probability of voting for both high- and low-information voters in seven categories of political orientation. Charles and Stephens claim that “the more informed voters are about politics…the more likely they are to vote.” This statement correctly asserts that the graph shows a higher probability of voting for high-information voters than for low-information voters at each of the seven political orientations. Thus, this statement accurately cites data from the graph that support Charles and Stephens’s claim about how level of information affects voters. <br>Choice B is incorrect. Although this statement is correct that the only probability in the graph below 50% is for low-information voters categorized as independent (orientation 4), the claim in question is about the relative likelihood that low- and high-information voters will vote, and without some reference to high-information voters, this statement cannot help support such a comparison. Choice C is incorrect. Although this statement is correct that the highest probabilities of voting for low-information voters are at the ends of the orientation scale (1 and 7), the claim in question is about the relative likelihood that low- and high-information voters will vote, and without some reference to high-information voters, this statement cannot help support such a comparison. Choice D is incorrect because the graph does not give any information about how many people are represented in any of the categories, so this statement is not based on data from the graph. Furthermore, even if we did have this information, the claim is about how level of information affects voters’ probability of voting, not whether they’re likely to strongly identify with a particular political party.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/5d453dcc_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "5d6ab069",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Jan Gimsa, Robert Sleigh, and Ulrike Gimsa have hypothesized that the sail-like structure running down the back of the dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus improved the animal’s success in underwater pursuits of prey species capable of making quick, evasive movements. To evaluate their hypothesis, a second team of researchers constructed two battery-powered mechanical models of S. aegyptiacus, one with a sail and one without, and subjected the models to a series of identical tests in a water-filled tank.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from the model tests, if true, would most strongly support Gimsa and colleagues’ hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The model with a sail took significantly less time to complete a sharp turn while submerged than the model without a sail did.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The model with a sail displaced significantly more water while submerged than the model without a sail did.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The model with a sail had significantly less battery power remaining after completing the tests than the model without a sail did.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The model with a sail took significantly longer to travel a specified distance while submerged than the model without a sail did.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This finding would most strongly support the hypothesis. The hypothesis is that the sail improved the dinosaur’s ability to chase quick, evasive prey. This finding suggests that the sail helped the dinosaur make sharp turns more quickly, which supports that hypothesis. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This finding wouldn’t necessarily support the hypothesis. The hypothesis is that the sail improved the dinosaur’s ability to chase quick, evasive prey. It’s unclear how the sail displacing more water would relate to that hypothesis—it doesn’t seem to be relevant. Choice C is incorrect. This finding wouldn’t necessarily support the hypothesis. The hypothesis is that the sail improved the dinosaur’s ability to chase quick, evasive prey. It’s unclear how the difference in battery power between the models would relate to that hypothesis—it doesn’t seem to be relevant. Choice D is incorrect. This finding would actually weaken the hypothesis. The hypothesis is that the sail improved the dinosaur’s ability to chase quick, evasive prey. This finding suggests that the sail slowed the dinosaur down—which would probably make it worse at catching quick, evasive prey.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5fb6ed10",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>The Land of Enchantment is a 1906 travel book by Lilian Whiting. In the book, which describes the experience of traveling through the southwestern United States by train, Whiting reflects on the escape from everyday life that such a journey provides: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from The Land of Enchantment most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“The opportunities and advantages already offered and constantly increasing are greater than would at first be considered possible.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“The social and the picturesque charm of the long journey is singularly enhanced by the leisurely stops made for refreshment.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“The real journey begins, of course, at Chicago, and as these trains leave in the evening the traveller fares forth in the seclusion of his berth.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“One experiences a certain sense of detachment from ordinary day and daylight duties that is exhilarating.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      'Choice D is the best answer because. This quotation specifically describes a "sense of detachment from ordinary day," which matches the claim’s focus on "escape from everyday life."<br>Choice A is incorrect. While this quotation describes new opportunities associated with Whiting’s experience, it doesn’t frame these opportunities as "an escape," and it doesn’t directly compare Whiting’s journey with "everyday life." Choice B is incorrect. While this quotation includes a positive characterization of Whiting’s journey, it doesn’t specifically address the idea of an "escape from everyday life," which is the focus of the claim. Choice C is incorrect. This quotation focuses on where the journey begins, not on how it feels like an "escape from everyday life."',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "67b59a67",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Plants like potatoes, tomatoes, and soybeans are susceptible to bacterial wilt disease caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. A multinational team of scientists led by Zhong Wei studied whether other microbes in the soil might influence the degree to which plants are affected by the disease. The team sampled soil surrounding individual tomato plants over time and compared the results of plants that became diseased with those that remained healthy. They concluded that the presence of certain microbes in the soil might explain the difference between healthy and diseased plants.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The soil surrounding healthy plants contained significantly higher concentrations of microbes known to inhibit Ralstonia solanacearum than the soil surrounding diseased plants did.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The soil surrounding the plants contained high concentrations of Ralstonia solanacearum regardless of whether the plants were affected by wilt disease.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The soil surrounding healthy plants tended to have significantly higher moisture levels than the soil surrounding diseased plants did.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "By the end of the experiment, over half the plants had been affected by wilt disease regardless of differences in the types and concentrations of microbes in the surrounding soil.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This choice provides evidence that directly links the presence of R. solanacearum-inhibiting microbes in the soil to the health of tomato plants. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice would weaken the team’s conclusion. It suggests that the presence of the disease-causing bacteria had no effect on the health of the tomato plants. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the team’s conclusion. The conclusion is about microbes, not soil moisture. Choice D is incorrect. This choice would weaken the team’s conclusion. It suggests that the presence of the bacteria-inhibiting microbe in soil had no effect on the health of the tomato plants.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "73d457b6",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In the 1970s, a roughly 60,000-year-old piece of hyena bone marked with nine notches was discovered at a site in western France once inhabited by Neanderthals. Although many believe that only modern humans developed systems for notating numbers, one archaeologist asserts that this artifact may be a sign that Neanderthals also recorded numerical information. The notches on the bone are unevenly spaced but approximately parallel, and microscopic analysis reveals that they were made with a single stone tool; according to the archaeologist, this suggests that the notches were all made at one time by one individual as a means of counting something.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Parallel lines are a common feature in modern humans’ early systems for recording numerical information.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "More than nine approximately parallel notches made with a different stone tool are present on another artifact found at a site in western France.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "It would have taken careful effort to make evenly spaced lines on bone with the stone tools typically used by Neanderthals.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Decorative art discovered at another Neanderthal site in western France primarily features patterns of unevenly spaced parallel lines.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      'Choice D is the best answer. The archeologist bases their claim on the fact that the hyena bone features unevenly spaced parallel notches. But if unevenly spaced parallel lines were found on "decorative art" at another Neanderthal site, it would suggest that the hyena bone is probably decorative art as well—not a counting tool.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t weaken the underlined claim. If anything, it might actually strengthen the claim: assuming we can make an inference about Neanderthals using a fact about early humans, it provides more support for the idea that the person who made the notches was counting something. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t weaken the underlined claim. The fact that another artifact had parallel notches made with a different stone tool doesn’t tell us anything about the use of either artifact. For all we know, they could both have been used for counting. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t weaken the underlined claim. The fact that it took effort to make the lines doesn’t tell us anything about what the lines were for.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "742fd8ba",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>Zinc<br>Iron<br><br>The data for the 2 categories are as follows:<br><br>Without kanamycin:<br><br>Zinc: 390<br>Iron: 625<br><br>With kanamycin:<br><br>Zinc: 300<br>Iron: 225<br><br>Many plants lose their leaf color when exposed to kanamycin, an antibiotic produced by some soil microorganisms. Spelman College biologist Mentewab Ayalew and her colleagues hypothesized that plants’ response to kanamycin exposure involves altering their uptake of metals, such as iron and zinc. The researchers grew two groups of seedlings of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, half of which were exposed to kanamycin and half of which were a control group without exposure to kanamycin, and measured the plants’ metal content five days after germination.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Ayalew and her colleagues’ hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The control plants contained higher levels of zinc than iron, but plants exposed to kanamycin contained higher levels of iron than zinc.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Both groups of plants contained more than 200 parts per million of both iron and zinc.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Zinc levels were around 300 parts per million in the control plants but nearly 400 parts per million in the plants exposed to kanamycin.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The plants exposed to kanamycin showed lower levels of iron and zinc than the control plants did.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it best describes data in the graph supporting Ayalew and her colleagues’ hypothesis that plants’ response to kanamycin exposure involves altering their uptake of metals. The graph compares the metal content of two groups of plants, one with kanamycin exposure and a control group without such exposure. The amount of zinc in plants without kanamycin exposure is around 400 parts per million, while the amount of zinc in plants with kanamycin exposure is lower, at around 300 parts per million. Similarly, the amount of iron in plants without kanamycin exposure is a little over 600 parts per million, while the amount of iron in plants with kanamycin exposure is lower, at a little over 200 parts per million. Thus, the graph shows that plants with kanamycin exposure have significantly lower levels of both iron and zinc than the plants without kanamycin exposure. This is evidence supporting the hypothesis that kanamycin exposure results in plants altering their uptake of metals. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the graph shows that control plants contained higher levels of iron than zinc, not higher levels of zinc than iron; similarly, the plants exposed to kanamycin contained higher levels of zinc than iron, not higher levels of iron than zinc. Choice B is incorrect. Though the claim that both groups of plants contained more than 200 parts per million of both iron and zinc is supported by the graph, this alone does not state whether plants with kanamycin exposure have a different metal content than plants without kanamycin exposure. Choice C is incorrect. The graph shows that the zinc levels for the control plants (those without kanamycin exposure) were around 400 parts per million, not 300 parts per million, and that the zinc levels for plants with kanamycin exposure were around 300 parts per million, not 400 parts per million.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/742fd8ba_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "7cbb9764",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Accomplished printmaker and sculptor Elizabeth Catlett (1915–2012) used her art to explore the Black experience in the United States. In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Catlett had a particular talent for unifying various artistic traditions and styles in her work.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a scholar describing Catlett’s work would best support the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“In Mother and Child, a sculpture of two Black figures, Catlett used an ancient Indigenous sculpting technique and combined the visual aesthetic of modern Mexican muralists with that of German artist Kathe Kollwitz.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“In her collage New Generation, Catlett overlaid fabric onto the canvas to represent the clothing of a father and his toddler, positioned to evoke classic images of a mother and child.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Created in 1968, Catlett’s sculpture Black Unity, a stylized fist sculpted from mahogany and measuring two feet across, remains an important piece and has received renewed and well-deserved attention in recent years.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“One series of Catlett’s prints, made by the artist using the linoleum cut method, depicts several notable African American women, including Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents a quotation about Elizabeth Catlett that supports the student’s claim that this artist had a talent for unifying various traditions and styles in her work. The quotation explains that to create the work, Catlett combined Indigenous sculpture with the visual aesthetic of modern muralists from Mexico as well as that of German artist Kathe Kollwitz. In other words, Catlett was able to unify several artistic traditions and styles within a single sculpture. <br>Choice B is incorrect because in discussing the technique and subject matter of Catlett’s collage, the quotation makes no reference to particular traditions or styles. Choice C is incorrect because in describing the sculpture, the quotation doesn’t mention any artistic traditions or styles that Catlett may have synthesized to create the work. Choice D is incorrect because in discussing Catlett’s prints of notable African American women, the quotation doesn’t characterize those prints as having fused different traditions or styles.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7edfb2c5",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>Flint artifacts dating to 800,000 to 1,000,000 years ago have been recovered from the Evron Quarry in Israel. Likely created by the hominin Homo erectus, the artifacts have no visual features suggesting that they were exposed to fire, leading some scholars to conclude that these hominins had not acquired control of fire. But Zane Stepka and colleagues recently used a new method to determine whether these artifacts had been exposed to temperatures above 400°C (the typical temperature campfires reach) and concluded that the hominins who inhabited the site may have had control of fire.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the team’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Artifacts K5_106 and K3_9 were exposed to temperatures above 400°C.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Artifacts L5_239 and K3_18 were exposed to temperatures of approximately 550°C and 650°C, respectively.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "All of the artifacts were exposed to temperatures above 100°C.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Artifact K3_9 was exposed to a higher temperature than was artifact K5_106.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. Campfires typically reach over 400°C, so human artifacts that were exposed to temperatures higher than this may indicate some human control over fire. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. Neither artifact K3_9 nor K5_106 was exposed to temperatures above even 200°C. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. Campfires typically reach over 400°C, so exposure to temperatures of 100°C wouldn’t demonstrate exposure to fire. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the claim. Both artifacts K3_9 and K5_106 were exposed to temperatures of less than 200°C. Since campfires typically reach over 400°C, this wouldn’t demonstrate exposure to fire.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/7edfb2c5_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "81af81d4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Often Rebuked, Yet Always Back Returning” is an 1846 poem by Emily Brontë. The poem conveys the speaker’s determination to experience the countryside around her: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from the poem most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Often rebuked, yet always back returning / To those first feelings that were born with me, / And leaving busy chase of wealth and learning / For idle dreams of things which cannot be.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“I’ll walk, but not in old heroic traces, / And not in paths of high morality, / And not among the half-distinguished faces, / The clouded forms of long-past history.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I’ll walk where my own nature would be leading: / It vexes me to choose another guide: / Where the grey flocks in ferny glens are feeding; / Where the wild wind blows on the mountain side.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“To-day, I will seek not the shadowy region; / Its unsustaining vastness waxes drear; / And visions rising, legion after legion, / Bring the unreal world too strangely near.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents the quotation that best illustrates the claim that the speaker is determined to experience the countryside around her. In the quotation, the speaker makes it clear that she plans to walk somewhere based on her own wishes (“where my own nature would be leading”) rather than follow anything else (“another guide”), and that she’ll walk “in ferny glens” alongside the mountain. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation suggests that the speaker wants to avoid pursuing money and education (“busy chase of wealth and learning”) and instead return to some earlier interests (her “first feelings”); the quotation doesn’t address her determination to experience the countryside. Choice B is incorrect because the speaker is describing the circumstances under which she won’t walk, which doesn’t address her determination to experience the countryside. Choice D is incorrect because rather than conveying her determination to experience the countryside, the speaker is explaining a particular thing she won’t do (“seek not the shadowy region”).",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "84136d69",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Five of the Responses to Survey about Actions to Conserve Energy<br>ActionAction categoryPercentage of respondents selecting action (%)Use efficient cars/hybridsefficiency2.8Change thermostat settingcurtailment6.3Use bike or public transportation instead of carcurtailment12.9Use efficient light bulbsefficiency3.6Turn off lightscurtailment19.6<br>In a survey of public perceptions of energy use, researcher Shahzeen Attari and her team asked respondents to name the most effective action ordinary people can take to conserve energy. The team categorized each action as either an efficiency or a curtailment and found that respondents tended to name curtailments more often than they did efficiencies. For example, 19.6% of respondents stated that the most effective way to conserve energy is to turn off the lights, while only ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "6.3% of respondents said it was most effective to use efficient cars or hybrids.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "2.8% of respondents said it was most effective to change the thermostat setting.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "12.9% of respondents said it was most effective to use a bike or public transportation.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "3.6% of respondents said it was most effective to use efficient light bulbs.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text’s discussion of Attari and her team’s survey results. The text states that the team asked respondents to identify the most effective action people can take to save energy, with the team classifying each action as either an efficiency or a curtailment. According to the text, respondents named curtailments more often than they did efficiencies. The text then offers an example that begins by citing a curtailment, turning off the lights, that was selected by a relatively high percentage of respondents (19.6%). Given that the example is presented in support of the idea that more respondents selected curtailments than efficiencies, the most effective way to complete the example is by citing an efficiency, using efficient light bulbs, that was selected by a relatively low percentage of respondents (only 3.6%). <br>Choice A is incorrect because it inaccurately describes data in the table. The data indicate that 6.3% of respondents said the most effective action was to change the thermostat setting, not to use efficient cars or hybrids. Choice B is incorrect because it inaccurately describes data in the table. The data indicate that 2.8% of respondents said the most effective action was to use efficient cars/hybrids, not to change the thermostat setting. Choice C is incorrect because it mentions a curtailment (using a bike or public transportation) and not an efficiency. The text states that a research team asked respondents to identify the most effective action people can take to save energy, with the team classifying each action as either an efficiency or a curtailment. According to the text, respondents named curtailments more often than they did efficiencies. The text then offers an example that begins by citing a curtailment, turning off the lights, that was selected by a relatively high percentage of respondents (19.6%). Given that the example is presented in support of the idea that more people selected curtailments than efficiencies, the most effective way to complete the example is not by referring to another curtailment but rather by referring to an efficiency that was selected by a relatively low percentage of respondents.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "87023f34",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Ghosts of the Old Year” is an early 1900s poem by James Weldon Johnson. In the poem, the speaker describes experiencing an ongoing cycle of anticipation followed by regretful reflection: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “Ghosts of the Old Year” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“What does this brazen tongue declare, / That falling on the midnight air / Brings to my heart a sense of care / Akin to fright?”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“The snow has ceased its fluttering flight, / The wind sunk to a whisper light, / An ominous stillness fills the night, / A pause—a hush.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“It tells of many a squandered day, / Of slighted gems and treasured clay, / Of precious stores not laid away, / Of fields unreaped.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“And so the years go swiftly by, / Each, coming, brings ambitions high, / And each, departing, leaves a sigh / Linked to the past.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents the quotation that most effectively illustrates the claim that the speaker of the poem describes experiencing an ongoing cycle of anticipation followed by regretful reflection. In this quotation, the speaker notes that as years go by, “Each, coming”—that is, each new year as it comes—“brings ambitions high.” In other words, the speaker begins each new year with large goals. But the speaker goes on to say that as each year ends (“each, departing”), it “leaves a sigh / Linked to the past.” A sigh is an expression of longing or regret, so in the context of the whole quotation, this portion suggests that at the end of each year, the speaker regretfully reflects on not having achieved the ambitions formed at the beginning of the year. The phrases “the years go swiftly by,” “Each, coming,” and “each, departing” indicate that this experience happens over and over again: the speaker experiences a cycle of anticipation followed by regretful reflection. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation does not describe an ongoing cycle of anticipation followed by regretful reflection. Instead, the speaker describes experiencing a sensation similar to fright as a result of something that has occurred at midnight. Specifically, the speaker has heard a “brazen tongue,” a figurative way of saying that the speaker has heard the clang of a bronze bell being rung. Choice B is incorrect because although this quotation does convey a sense of anticipation through its reference to “ominous stillness,” there is no suggestion of regretful reflection or any indication that the speaker is describing an ongoing cycle of anticipation followed by such reflection. Instead, the speaker is describing a particular moment when a winter storm appears to have momentarily calmed. Choice C is incorrect because although this quotation does convey a sense of regret (“many a squandered day”), nothing in the quotation suggests an ongoing cycle of anticipation followed by regret. Instead, the speaker is simply lamenting wasted time and opportunities.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8a584241",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>In high concentrations, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is typically toxic to many plants. Frederick D. Dooley and colleagues wanted to understand what effects low doses of H₂S might have on plant growth. They treated bean, corn, wheat, and pea seeds with various concentrations (measured in micromoles per liter) of H₂S and tracked the germination of those seeds along with the germination of untreated seeds. Treatment with particular concentrations of H₂S was associated with accelerated germination: for example, ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "at 24 hours, less than 10% of seeds treated with H₂S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas more than 90% of those seeds had germinated at 168 hours.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "at 48 hours, more than 70% of seeds treated with H₂S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 50% of untreated seeds had germinated.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "at 168 hours, more than 90% of seeds treated with H₂S at concentrations of 10 or 500 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas less than 70% of untreated seeds had germinated.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "at 48 hours, approximately 50% of seeds treated with H₂S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 30% of untreated seeds had germinated.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The claim is that some concentrations of H₂S led to increased germination rates, and this choice accurately shows that seeds treated with 10 micromoles per liter of H₂S tended to germinate faster than untreated seeds. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t justify the claim. The claim compares the germination rates of seeds exposed to certain concentrations of H₂S to untreated seeds, but this choice only discusses one concentration of H₂S, so it can’t support any comparison between treated and untreated groups. Choice C is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. At 168 hours, only about 85% of seeds treated with H₂S at 500 micromoles per liter and well over 70% of untreated seeds had germinated (about 80%). Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. At 48 hours, about 70% of seeds treated with H₂S at 10 micromoles per liter and about 50% of untreated seeds had germinated.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/8a584241_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "8a668840",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The following 2 lines are shown:<br><br>Anchorage<br>Fairbanks<br><br>The Anchorage line:<br><br>Begins at April, 254 hours<br>Rises gradually to May, 268 hours<br>Rises gradually to June, 288 hours<br>Falls gradually to July, 255 hours<br>Falls sharply to August, 184 hours<br>Falls sharply to September, 128 hours <br><br>The Fairbanks line:<br><br>Begins at April, 302 hours<br>Rises gradually to May, 319 hours<br>Rises gradually to June, 334 hours<br>Falls sharply to July, 274 hours<br>Falls sharply to August, 164 hours<br>Falls sharply to September, 122 hours<br><br>A student is researching monthly hours of sunshine in different cities in Alaska. When comparing trends in Anchorage and Fairbanks, the student concludes that the two cities show a similar pattern in the monthly hours of sunshine from April to September.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The monthly hours of sunshine in both Anchorage and Fairbanks hold steady in June and July before beginning to decline in August.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The monthly hours of sunshine in both Anchorage and Fairbanks increase from April to June and then decrease from June to September.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Anchorage and Fairbanks both have less than 200 monthly hours of sunshine from April to September.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Anchorage and Fairbanks both have more than 300 monthly hours of sunshine from April to June and less than 200 hours from July to September.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it best describes data from the graph that support the student’s conclusion about weather patterns in Anchorage and Fairbanks. According to the graph, the amount of sunshine increases in both cities from April to June: in Anchorage, the number of monthly hours increases from about 250 to just under 300, and in Fairbanks the number of monthly hours increases from about 300 to just under 350. Also according to the graph, the amount of sunshine decreases in both cities from June to September: in Anchorage the number of monthly hours decreases from just under 300 to about 125, and in Fairbanks the number of monthly hours decreases from just under 350 to about 125. Thus, the monthly hours of sunshine in both cities follow a similar pattern, increasing from April to June and then decreasing from June to September. <br>Choice A is incorrect because, according to the graph, the monthly hours of sunshine in both Anchorage and Fairbanks decrease from June to July. They don’t hold steady. In June there are slightly less than 300 hours of sunshine in Anchorage and slightly less than 350 hours in Fairbanks. Then, in July there are approximately 250 hours of sunshine in both cities. Choice C is incorrect because the graph shows that Anchorage and Fairbanks have less than 200 monthly hours of sunshine only in August and September. For the rest of the months represented in the graph, both cities have more than 200 monthly hours of sunshine. Choice D is incorrect because, according to the graph, Anchorage doesn’t have more than 300 monthly hours of sunshine from April to June. In addition, both cities have more than 200 hours of sunshine in July, although the amount of sunshine does decrease to less than 200 monthly hours in August and September.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/8a668840_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "94978129",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Approximate Rates of Speech and Information Conveyed for Five Languages<br>LanguageRate of speech (syllables per second)Rate of information conveyed (bits per second)Serbian7.239.1Spanish7.742.0Vietnamese5.342.5Thai4.733.8Hungarian5.934.6<br>A group of researchers working in Europe, Asia, and Oceania conducted a study to determine how quickly different Eurasian languages are typically spoken (in syllables per second) and how much information they can effectively convey (in bits per second). They found that, although languages vary widely in the speed at which they are spoken, the amount of information languages can effectively convey tends to vary much less. Thus, they claim that two languages with very different spoken rates can nonetheless convey the same amount of information in a given amount of time.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Among the five languages in the table, Thai and Hungarian have the lowest rates of speech and the lowest rates of information conveyed.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Vietnamese conveys information at approximately the same rate as Spanish despite being spoken at a slower rate.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Among the five languages in the table, the language that is spoken the fastest is also the language that conveys information the fastest.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Serbian and Spanish are spoken at approximately the same rate, but Serbian conveys information faster than Spanish does.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it provides the most direct support from the table for the claim that two languages can convey similar amounts of information even if they’re spoken at different rates. The table shows the approximate rates at which five languages are spoken and the rates at which those five languages convey information. Vietnamese is spoken at around 5.3 syllables per second, whereas Spanish is spoken at around 7.7 syllables per second, but the two languages convey information at very similar rates: Vietnamese at a rate of around 42.5 bits per second and Spanish at a rate of around 42.0 bits per second. Thus, the description of Vietnamese conveying information at around the same rate that Spanish does despite being spoken more slowly supports the claim in the text that languages can convey the same amount of information even if spoken at different rates. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it isn’t true that Thai and Hungarian have the lowest rates of speech of the five languages shown. According to the table, Hungarian is spoken at around 5.9 syllables per second, which is faster than Vietnamese (5.3 syllables per second). Additionally, even if this statement were true, the assertion that two languages are spoken the slowest and convey information the slowest wouldn’t support the claim that languages can convey the same amount of information even if they’re spoken at different rates. Choice C is incorrect because it isn’t true that the fastest-spoken language (Spanish, at 7.7 syllables per second) also conveys information the fastest: Spanish conveys information at 42.0 bits per second, which is slower than the 42.5 bits-per-second rate at which Vietnamese conveys information. Additionally, even if this statement were true, the assertion that the language spoken the fastest also conveys information the fastest has no bearing on the claim that languages can convey the same amount of information even if they’re spoken at different rates. Choice D is incorrect because it isn’t true that Serbian conveys information faster than Spanish does. According to the table, Serbian conveys information at a rate of around 39.1 bits per second, which is slower than the 42.0 bits-per-second rate at which Spanish conveys information.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "94ca8ebd",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>A student is examining a long, challenging poem that was initially published in a quarterly journal without explanatory notes, then later republished in a stand-alone volume containing only that poem and accompanying explanatory notes written by the poet. The student asserts that the explanatory notes were included in the republication primarily as a marketing device to help sell the stand-alone volume.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which statement, if true, would most directly support the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The text of the poem as published in the quarterly journal is not identical to the text of the poem published in the stand-alone volume.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Many critics believe that the poet’s explanatory notes remove certain ambiguities of the poem and make it less interesting as a result.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The publishers of the stand-alone volume requested the explanatory notes from the poet in order to make the book attractive to readers who already had a copy of the poem in a journal issue.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Correspondence between the poet and the publisher reveals that the poet’s explanatory notes went through several drafts.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it would most directly support the student’s claim about the motivation for including explanatory notes with the stand-alone volume of the poem. The text explains that the poem had previously been published without the notes in a quarterly journal. It stands to reason that readers who had purchased the journal issue containing the poem would be unlikely to purchase an unchanged version of the poem in a stand-alone volume. However, the inclusion of notes in that volume would encourage the purchase of a stand-alone volume, since the later text would differ from the original by including the author’s own explanation of the poem. Therefore, if it were true that the publishers of the stand-alone volume had requested the notes to make the book attractive to readers who already had a copy of the journal issue, this fact would support the student’s claim that the notes were included primarily as a marketing device. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the student’s claim is about the motivation for including the explanatory notes in the stand-alone volume, not about changes that might have been made to the poem itself for publication in that volume; moreover, the text never suggests that such changes were made. Choice B is incorrect because the student’s claim is about why the explanatory notes were included in the stand-alone volume, not about how the notes affected readers’ and critics’ subsequent experience of the poem. Choice D is incorrect because the fact that the poet drafted multiple versions of the explanatory notes doesn’t directly address the issue of whether the notes were intended as a marketing device, as the student claims; the correspondence would support this claim only if it showed that the poet had revised the notes specifically to make them useful to the marketing of the stand-alone volume.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "99fdf71c",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“When Dawn Comes to the City” is a 1922 poem by Claude McKay, who immigrated to the United States from the island nation of Jamaica as an adult. The poem conveys McKay’s contrasting feelings about New York City—his adopted home in the US—and his home country: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “When Dawn Comes to the City” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“A lonely newsboy hurries by, / Humming a recent ditty; / Red streaks strike through the gray of the sky, / The dawn comes to the city <strong>New York City</strong>.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Dark figures start for work; / I watch them sadly shuffle on, / ’Tis dawn, dawn in New York. / But I would be on the island of the sea, / In the heart of the island of the sea.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“And the shaggy Nannie goat is calling, calling, calling / From her little trampled corner of the long wide lea / That stretches to the waters of the hill-stream falling / Sheer upon the flat rocks joyously!”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“The tired cars go grumbling by, / The moaning, groaning cars, / And the old milk carts go rumbling by / Under the same dull stars.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it presents a quotation illustrating the claim that the poem conveys McKay’s contrasting feelings about New York City and Jamaica. McKay first presents a somewhat negative view of New York City, describing watching “dark figures” who “sadly shuffle” to work at dawn, and then indicates that he would instead like to be “in the heart of the island of the sea.” <br>Choice A is incorrect because the quotation focuses on a description of only one place (New York City, with its “lonely newsboy” and “red streaks” in the sky at dawn) rather than on different feelings about two places. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation focuses on a description of only one place (which isn’t named) rather than on McKay’s different feelings about two places. Choice D is incorrect because though McKay presents a negative image of an unnamed place with “tired cars” that grumble, moan, and groan, and “old milk carts“ that rumble by under “dull stars,” the quotation focuses on McKay’s feelings about only one place rather than on different feelings about two places.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "9aa5efc4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Born in 1891 to a Quechua-speaking family in the Andes Mountains of Peru, Martín Chambi is today considered to be one of the most renowned figures of Latin American photography. In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Chambi’s photographs have considerable ethnographic value—in his work, Chambi was able to capture diverse elements of Peruvian society, representing his subjects with both dignity and authenticity.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Chambi took many commissioned portraits of wealthy Peruvians, but he also produced hundreds of images carefully documenting the peoples, sites, and customs of Indigenous communities of the Andes.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Chambi’s photographs demonstrate a high level of technical skill, as seen in his strategic use of illumination to create dramatic light and shadow contrasts.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "During his lifetime, Chambi was known and celebrated both within and outside his native Peru, as his work was published in places like Argentina, Spain, and Mexico.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Some of the peoples and places Chambi photographed had long been popular subjects for Peruvian photographers.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support the claim about Chambi’s photographs. The text describes a student advancing the claim that Chambi’s photographs “have considerable ethnographic value”—meaning that they are valuable as records of cultures—and that they “capture diverse elements of Peruvian society” in a respectful way. If it’s true that Chambi carefully photographed people from a range of different communities in Peru as well as photographed the customs and sites of different communities, that would lend support to the claim that the photographs have ethnographic value as depictions of diverse elements of society in Peru. <br>Choice B is incorrect because the student’s claim is that Chambi’s photographs have considerable ethnographic value because they depict diverse elements of Peruvian society; the student doesn’t claim anything about the technical skill demonstrated in the photographs. Choice C is incorrect because neither Chambi’s reputation nor the locations where his photographs may have been published would be relevant to the student’s claim that his photographs are valuable as an ethnographic record of Peru’s diverse society. Choice D is incorrect because the popularity among other photographers of the people and places that Chambi photographed would be irrelevant to the student’s claim that Chambi’s photographs are valuable as an ethnographic record of Peru’s diverse society.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a13541c0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Sandra Cisneros’s 1984 novella The House on Mango Street made a lasting impact on US literature. Its depiction of Mexican American culture inspired later authors to examine their own heritage within their fictional works. Also influential was the book’s portrayal of the main character, Esperanza, during a pivotal year of her youth. This insightful depiction of a preteen girl encouraged authors who, like Cisneros herself, are Latina to use fictional works to examine experiences from their own youth.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which statement, if true, would most strongly support the claim in the underlined sentence?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In interviews, a number of Latina authors say that The House on Mango Street inspired them to write about their own adolescence in their novels.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In published writings, several prominent authors who are not Latina say that reading The House on Mango Street influenced their approach to writing fiction.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The House on Mango Street has sold over six million copies and is one of the most commonly read books among high school and university students in the US.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Since 1984, new novels about young Latina characters by Latina authors have often been compared to The House on Mango Street.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most strongly support the claim in the underlined sentence. The text begins by explaining that the portrayal of Mexican American culture in Sandra Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street inspired later authors to explore their own heritage. Noting that Cisneros’s novella was also influential for its depiction of a formative year in a female character’s youth, the text then claims that this depiction inspired other Latina authors to use fiction to explore their own experiences of youth. Since this claim addresses how Cisneros encouraged Latina authors specifically to portray their youthful experiences, it would be directly supported by such authors stating that her novella influenced them to write about their own adolescence, or the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. <br>Choice B is incorrect. The text states that with its portrayal of Mexican American culture, The House on Mango Street inspired later authors to explore their own heritage, and since this statement isn’t limited to only Latina authors, it can be inferred that authors who aren’t Latina were also likely influenced by the novella. But because the claim in the underlined sentence concerns the novella’s influence on Latina authors specifically, the finding that the book also influenced authors who weren’t Latina would fail to provide support for the claim. Choice C is incorrect because the finding that The House on Mango Street has sold millions of copies and is widely read among students in the US doesn’t relate directly to the text’s claim that the novella has influenced Latina authors specifically. Choice D is incorrect. While comparisons of new novels about young Latina characters by Latina authors to Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street would likely be founded on similarities between those novels and Cisneros’s novella, such similarities wouldn’t necessarily be evidence of the novella’s influence; such similarities might arise if Cisneros and younger Latina authors alike depicted certain basic cultural and historical features of their communities. Testimony from younger Latina authors about how The House on Mango Street had inspired them would be far more persuasive evidence of the novella’s influence.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a2b0fc3b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The following 4 lines are shown: <br><br>Algeria<br>France<br>Japan<br>Nigeria<br><br>The Algeria line: <br><br>Begins at 1970, 39.5 percent<br>Rises gradually to 1980, 43.54 percent <br>Rises sharply to 1990, 52.09 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2000, 59.92 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2010, 67.54 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2020, 73.73 percent<br><br>The France line: <br><br>Begins at 1970, 71.06 percent<br>Rises gradually to 1980, 73.28 percent <br>Rises gradually to 1990, 74.06 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2000, 75.87 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2010, 78.37 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2020, 79 percent<br><br>The Japan line: <br><br>Begins at 1970, 76.88 percent<br>Rises gradually to 1980, 80.17 percent <br>Rises gradually to 1990, 84.34 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2000, 87.65 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2010, 90.81 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2020, 91.5 percent<br><br>The Nigeria line: <br><br>Begins at 1970, 17.76 percent<br>Rises gradually to 1980, 21.97 percent <br>Rises gradually to 1990, 29.68 percent<br>Rises gradually to 2000, 34.84 percent<br>Rises sharply to 2010, 43.48 percent<br>Rises sharply to 2020, 51.96 percent<br><br>The share of the world’s population living in cities has increased dramatically since 1970, but this change has not been uniform. France and Japan, for example, were already heavily urbanized in 1970, with 70% or more of the population living in cities. The main contributors to the world’s urbanization since 1970 have been countries like Algeria, whose population went from ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "around 50% urban in 1970 to around 90% urban in 2020.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "less than 40% urban in 1970 to around 90% urban in 2020.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "less than 20% urban in 1970 to more than 50% urban in 2020.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "around 40% urban in 1970 to more than 70% urban in 2020.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This choice effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example. The line representing the percent of Algeria’s population living in cities is the black triangle line. According to the graph, it started at 40% in 1970 and reached 70% in 2020. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The line representing the percent of Algeria’s population living in cities is the black triangle line. According to the graph, it started at 40% in 1970 and reached 70% in 2020. Choice B is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The line representing the percent of Algeria’s population living in cities is the black triangle line. According to the graph, it started at 40% in 1970 and reached 70% in 2020. Choice C is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The line representing the percent of Algeria’s population living in cities is the black triangle line. According to the graph, it started at 40% in 1970 and reached 70% in 2020.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/a2b0fc3b_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "b30a2613",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>no lizards<br>with lizards<br><br>All values are approximate.<br>The data for the 4 categories are as follows:<br><br>Day 1:<br><br>no lizards: 85<br>with lizards: 85<br><br>Day 10:<br><br>no lizards: 62<br>with lizards: 32<br><br>Day 20:<br><br>no lizards: 51<br>with lizards: 27<br><br>Day 30:<br><br>no lizards: 43<br>with lizards: 23<br><br>To investigate the effect of lizard predation on spider populations, a student in a biology class placed spiders in two enclosures, one with lizards and one without, and tracked the number of spiders in the enclosures for 30 days. The student concluded that the reduction in the spider population count in the enclosure with lizards by day 30 was entirely attributable to the presence of the lizards.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the student’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The spider population count was the same in both enclosures on day 1.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The spider population count also substantially declined by day 30 in the enclosure without lizards.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The largest decline in spider population count in the enclosure with lizards occurred from day 1 to day 10.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The spider population count on day 30 was lower in the enclosure with lizards than in the enclosure without lizards.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it describes data from the graph that weaken the student’s conclusion about the reduction in the spider population in the enclosure with lizards. The graph shows that the enclosure with lizards and the enclosure without lizards each began with about 85 spiders, and that the number of spiders in each enclosure fell over the 30 days of the study. The student’s claim is that the reduction in spiders in the enclosure with lizards is “entirely attributable to the presence of the lizards,” meaning that the spider population wouldn’t have declined except for the presence of the lizards. This claim is weakened, however, by the fact that the enclosure without lizards also saw a substantial reduction in the number of spiders. Since the number of spiders fell in the enclosure without lizards as well as in the enclosure with lizards, there must be some other factor than just the presence of the lizards that contributed to the reduction in the spider population. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the fact that the two enclosures started with the same number of spiders is irrelevant to the claim that the reduction in spider population by day 30 in the enclosure with lizards can be entirely attributed to the lizards. Choice C is incorrect because the fact that the spider population in the enclosure with lizards fell more between days 1 and 10 than in other periods has nothing to do with the student’s claim that the reduction in spiders in that enclosure by day 30 can be entirely attributed to the lizards. Choice D is incorrect. Although it’s true that on day 30 the spider population was lower in the enclosure with lizards than in the enclosure without lizards, this fact doesn’t weaken the student’s claim that the reduction in the spider population in the enclosure with lizards can be entirely attributed to the lizards. Indeed, the lower spider population in the enclosure with lizards suggests that the lizards are contributing to the reduction in the spider population, though the fact that the spider population also fell substantially in the other enclosure means that the lizards aren’t the only cause of the reduction.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/b30a2613_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "b4cda84d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In 1967 the US Congress created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which in turn created National Public Radio (NPR). NPR began producing and distributing high-quality news and cultural programming to affiliate stations across the United States in 1971. In a research paper, a student claims that the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and NPR were inspired by the British Broadcasting System (BBC), which had been established in the 1920s.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a work by a historian would be the most effective evidence for the student to include in support of this claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Although the BBC had begun as a private corporation, politicians successfully argued to make it a public company because they believed a public broadcaster could help build national unity in the aftermath of World War I.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“For many decades, the BBC had no competition since it held Britain’s only broadcasting license, whereas in the United States, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting launched NPR in a broadcasting market already filled with competitors.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Congress’s embrace of publicly funded broadcasting reflected a common belief among US politicians that the role of government was not only to ensure people’s safety and liberty but also to enrich people’s lives in other ways.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“The goal of the BBC was to support British democracy by promoting an informed citizenry, and US legislators believed that ensuring access to high-quality programming could do the same for democracy in the United States.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because this quotation would be the most effective evidence to include in support of the claim that the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and NPR were inspired by the British Broadcasting System (BBC). The quotation states that the goal of the BBC was to support British democracy and that US legislators believed high-quality programming could accomplish the same goal for democracy in the United States. In other words, US legislators looked to the BBC as a model, taking direct inspiration from it when they created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which in turn created NPR. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation provides historical information about the BBC, not information about the inspiration for the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and NPR. This quotation, therefore, is irrelevant to the student’s claim that the BBC inspired the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which in turn created NPR. Choice B is incorrect because this quotation contrasts the lack of competition faced by the BBC with the substantial competition faced by NPR, which has no bearing on the student’s claim that the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and NPR were inspired by the BBC. Choice C is incorrect because this quotation focuses on a common belief among US politicians that inspired Congress’s embrace of publicly funded broadcasting. The quotation doesn’t say anything about the BBC and therefore doesn’t support the claim that the BBC inspired Congress to create the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which in turn created NPR.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "c538954d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Sense and Sensibility is an 1811 novel by Jane Austen. In the novel, Austen describes Marianne Dashwood’s ability to persuade others of the rightness of her artistic judgments, as is evident when Marianne visits with John Willoughby, a potential suitor: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from Sense and Sensibility most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Above all, when she heard him declare, that of music and dancing he was passionately fond, she gave him such a look of approbation as secured the largest share of his discourse to herself for the rest of his stay.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Their taste was strikingly alike. The same books, the same passages were idolized by each—or if any difference appeared, any objection arose, it lasted no longer than till the force of her arguments and the brightness of her eyes could be displayed.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“It was only necessary to mention any favourite amusement to engage her to talk. She could not be silent when such points were introduced, and she had neither shyness nor reserve in their discussion.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“They speedily discovered that their enjoyment of dancing and music was mutual, and that it arose from a general conformity of judgment in all that related to either. Encouraged by this to a further examination of his opinions, she proceeded to question him on the subject of books.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      'Choice B is the best answer. By showing that "any difference" in taste was quickly overcome by "the force of <strong>Marianne’s</strong> arguments," this choice effectively demonstrates Marianne’s "ability to persuade others."<br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively illustrate the claim. This choice shows that Marianne and John share an interest in music and dancing, but it doesn’t provide evidence of Marianne’s "ability to persuade others." Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively illustrate the claim. This choice shows that Marianne enjoys talking about her interests, but it doesn’t provide evidence of Marianne’s "ability to persuade others." Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t effectively illustrate the claim. This choice shows that Marianne and John share many interests and generally agree on music and dancing, but it doesn’t provide evidence of Marianne’s "ability to persuade others."',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "c6b470bb",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“Odalie” is an 1899 short story by Alice Dunbar-Nelson. In the story, a young woman named Odalie attends the annual Mardi Gras carnival in New Orleans, where she lives with her guardian Tante Louise. Dunbar-Nelson portrays Odalie as eager to escape the monotony of her everyday life: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “Odalie” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Mardi Gras was a tiresome day, after all, she sighed, and Tante Louise agreed with her for once.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“In the old French house on Royal Street, with its quaint windows and Spanish courtyard green and cool, and made musical by the plashing of the fountain and the trill of caged birds, lived Odalie in convent-like seclusion.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“When one is shut up in a great French house with a grim sleepy tante and no companions of one’s own age, life becomes a dull thing, and one is ready for any new sensation.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“It was Mardi Gras day at last, and early through her window Odalie could hear the jingle of folly bells on the <strong>participants’</strong> costumes, the tinkle of music, and the echoing strains of songs.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses a quotation from “Odalie” to illustrate the claim that Odalie is eager to escape the monotony, or tedious lack of variety, of her everyday life. In the quotation, Odalie describes feeling “shut up” and complains that she has “no companions” except for her “sleepy tante.” Odalie goes on to say that, as a result, her life is “dull” and she is “ready for any new sensation,” meaning she wants a change. This suggests that Odalie wishes to get away from her monotonous everyday life. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although this quotation includes the word “tiresome,” which means dull, it does so to suggest Odalie’s negative feelings about Mardi Gras, which is a once-a-year celebration, not her feelings about her everyday life. This quotation therefore doesn’t express that Odalie’s everyday life is monotonous or that she wishes to escape. Choice B is incorrect. Although this quotation ends by saying that Odalie lives in seclusion, or isolation, it doesn’t express that Odalie’s everyday life is monotonous or that she wishes to escape. Instead, it describes the pleasant qualities of the house Odalie lives in, saying that it has “quaint windows” and a “green and cool” courtyard that is “made musical” by the sounds of a fountain and pet birds. Choice D is incorrect because this quotation describes the lively sounds of a Mardi Gras celebration that Odalie hears through her window, not the monotony of Odalie’s everyday life or her wish to escape.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "cbecb873",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Body Length, Filter Time, and Lunges per Dive for Four Whale Species<br>Whale speciesTypical adult body length (meters)Average time to filter all engulfed water (seconds)Average number of lunges per dive deeper than 50 metersfin18–2231.303.95humpback11–1717.126.28minke7–108.887.48blue24–3460.274.02<br>Some whale species practice lunge feeding, in which they lunge toward prey with their mouths open at wide angles, collect the prey and the surrounding water, and then filter out the water through baleen plates in their mouths. Although the volume of water engulfed increases with whales’ body length, the surface area of whales’ baleen plates, which influences the rate at which water can be filtered, does not increase with body length to the same degree, which helps explain why ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "minke whales and humpback whales show similar average filter times.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "humpback whales show an average of 6.28 lunges per dive.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "fin whales show a longer average filter time than minke whales do.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "blue whales show the longest average filter time and the highest average number of lunges per dive.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. To support the claim, we need to show that longer whales take more time to filter all the water they engulf than shorter whales do. This choice accurately reflects that a longer whale (the fin whale) takes more time to filter engulfed water (31.30 seconds on average) compared to a shorter whale (the minke whale, which only took 8.88 seconds on average). <br>Choice A is incorrect. The table shows that minke whales take an average of 8.88 seconds to filter engulfed water, while humpback whales take an average of 17.12 seconds to complete the same task. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t reflect the claim about baleen plates. The claim explains why whales of differing lengths take different amounts of time to filter engulfed water. This choice doesn’t compare whales of different lengths, and it focuses on the number of lunges, which isn’t shown to be relevant to filter time. Choice D is incorrect. The table shows that blue whales average 4.02 lunges per dive, which is not the highest average among the whales in the table.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ccf414c9",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>E-book Sales as a Percentage of Total Unit Sales in All Book Formats for a Large US Trade Publisher, by Genre, 2006, 2011, 2016<br>Genre200620112016science fiction and fantasy0.627.736.7cookbooks02.910.5travel guides05.524.6romance0.340.656.2<br>E-books became an increasingly popular means of reading in the United States in the 2000s and 2010s, though that popularity was concentrated in titles that, like those in most fiction genres, are meant to be read straight through from beginning to end. For books in nonfiction genres that do not tell stories and require the reader to flip back and forth through a volume, e-books were significantly less commercially successful. This can be seen by comparing ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to illustrate the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "the percentage of 2016 cookbook sales that were e-books with the percentage of 2016 science fiction and fantasy sales that were e-books.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "the percentage of 2006 romance sales that were e-books with the percentage of 2016 romance sales that were e-books.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "the percentage of 2006 romance sales that were e-books with the 2006 science fiction and fantasy sales that were e-books.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "the percentage of 2011 travel guide sales that were e-books with the percentage of 2016 travel guide sales that were e-books.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it uses data from the table to effectively support the claim that book genres that typically require the reader to start at the beginning of the story and read straight through are more commercially successful as e-books than other genres. For each of three years, the table presents four book genres and the percentage of total sales for each genre in e-book format. Cookbooks, a nonfiction genre, do not require the reader to read straight through. According to the table, 10.5 percent of total cookbook sales in 2016 were in the e-book format. The 2016 percentage of e-book sales was 36.7 percent in the science fiction and fantasy genre, which are typically stories read straight through from start to finish. The higher percentage of total sales of the story-based e-books in 2016 supports the claim in the text. <br>Choice B is incorrect because it compares the e-book sales of romance books in 2006 to those in 2016. Romance books are meant to be read straight through from start to finish. The text claims that books that are not stories and do not require reading straight through are not as commercially successful in e-book format as those that do. As this choice is only comparing e-book sales for one genre, it does not support the claim. Choice C is incorrect because both science fiction and fantasy and romance novels are fiction books meant to be read straight through from beginning to end. The text claims that books that are not stories and do not require reading straight through are less commercially successful in e-book format than those that do. As this choice does not compare e-book sales of story genres to e-book sales in genres that are not stories, it does not support the claim. Choice D is incorrect. Although the data in the table show that the travel guide e-books made up a greater percentage of total sales in 2016 than in 2011, this doesn’t illustrate the claim in the text that e-books in nonfiction genres not meant to be read straight through are less commercially successful. The claim cannot be supported without comparing the percentage of e-book sales between fiction and nonfiction book genres from the table.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "cf7491c1",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Characteristics of Five Recently Discovered Gas Exoplanets<br>Exoplanet designationMass (Jupiters)Radius (Jupiters)Orbital period (days)Distance from the Sun (parsecs)TOI-640 b0.881.7715.003340TOI-1601 b0.991.2395.331336TOI-628 b6.331.0603.409178TOI-1478 b0.851.06010.180153TOI-1333 b2.371.3964.720200<br>“Hot Jupiters” are gas planets that have a mass of at least 0.25 Jupiters (meaning that their mass is at least 25% of that of Jupiter) and an orbital period of less than 10 days (meaning that they complete one orbit around their star in less than 10 days), while “warm Jupiters” are gas planets that meet the same mass criterion but have orbital periods of more than 10 days. In 2021, Michigan State University astronomer Joseph Rodriguez and colleagues announced the discovery of five new gas exoplanets and asserted that four are hot Jupiters and one is a warm Jupiter.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support Rodriguez and colleagues’ assertion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "None of the planets have an orbital period of more than 10 days, and TOI-628 b has a mass of 6.33 Jupiters.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "TOI-1478 b has an orbital period of 153 days, and the masses of all the planets range from 0.85 to 6.33 Jupiters.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "All the planets have a radius between 1.060 and 1.771 Jupiters, and only TOI-1333 b has an orbital period of more than 10 days.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Each of the planets has a mass greater than 0.25 Jupiters, and all except for TOI-1478 b have an orbital period of less than 10 days.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it accurately describes data from the table that support Rodriguez and colleagues’ assertion about the classifications of the five new gas exoplanets. The text describes two categories of gas planets: hot Jupiters, which have a mass of at least 0.25 Jupiters and an orbital period of less than 10 days, and warm Jupiters, which have the same mass characteristic but have orbital periods of more than 10 days. According to the table, four of the gas exoplanets discovered by Rodriguez and colleagues have a mass of at least 0.25 Jupiters and an orbital period of less than 10 days, while one of the planets has a mass of at least 0.25 Jupiters and an orbital period of more than 10 days. These data therefore support Rodriguez and colleagues’ assertion that four of the new exoplanets are hot Jupiters and one is a warm Jupiter. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it doesn’t accurately describe the data from the table. Although the table shows that TOI-628 b has a mass equivalent to 6.33 Jupiters, the table also shows that one of the planets—TOI-1478 b—does indeed have an orbital period of more than 10 days. Choice B is incorrect because it doesn’t accurately describe the data from the table. Although the table does show that the masses of the five planets range from 0.85 to 6.33 Jupiters, the table also shows that TOI-1478 b has an orbital period of 10.180 days, not 153 days. Choice C is incorrect. According to the table, TOI-1333 b has an orbital period of only 4.720 days, not more than 10 days. Additionally, although the table does show that all the planets have a radius between 1.060 and 1.771 Jupiters, the text indicates that a planet may be classified as a hot Jupiter or a warm Jupiter based on its mass and orbital period, not on its radius, making the information about the range of the five planets’ radius values irrelevant.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "d5b9ed0d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>no anger (control)<br>high anger<br>low anger<br><br>The data for the 2 categories are as follows: <br><br>Helpfulness of review:<br><br>no anger (control): 6.75<br>high anger: 6.08<br>low anger: 6.85<br><br>Attitude toward reviewed product:<br><br>no anger (control): 2.23<br>high anger: 1.83<br>low anger: 2.15<br><br>To understand how expressions of anger in reviews of products affect readers of those reviews, business scholar Dezhi Yin and colleagues measured study participants’ responses to three versions of the same negative review—a control review expressing no anger, a review expressing a high degree of anger, and a review expressing a low degree of anger. Reviewing the data, a student concludes that the mere presence of anger in a review may not negatively affect readers’ perceptions of the review, but a high degree of anger in a review does worsen readers’ perceptions of the review.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the students’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "On average, participants’ ratings of the helpfulness of the review were substantially higher than were participants’ ratings of the reviewed product regardless of which type of review participants had seen.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Compared with participants who saw the control review, participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful, whereas participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Participants who saw the low-anger review rated the review as slightly more helpful than participants who saw the control review did, but participants’ attitude toward the reviewed product was slightly worse when participants saw the low-anger review than when they saw the no-anger review.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Compared with participants who saw the low-anger review, participants who saw the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful and had a less positive attitude toward the reviewed product.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The claim is that low anger does not negatively affect readers’ perceptions of the review, while high anger does negatively affect readers’ perceptions of the review. This choice accurately expresses the supporting data from the “helpfulness of review” part of the graph: that low-anger reviews were rated as slightly more helpful than no-anger reviews, while high-anger reviews were rated as less helpful than no-anger reviews. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice does not support the conclusion. The conclusion is only about how participants feel about the review itself—the participants’ ratings of the reviewed product are not relevant. Choice C is incorrect. This choice does not support the conclusion. The conclusion is only about how participants feel about the review itself—the participants’ attitude towards the reviewed product is not relevant. Choice D is incorrect. This choice does not support the conclusion. The conclusion is only about how participants feel about the review itself—the participants’ attitude towards the reviewed product is not relevant.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/d5b9ed0d_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "d83c3d54",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>grass cover<br>bare soil<br>forest cover<br><br>All values are approximate.<br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows:<br><br>1987:<br><br>grass cover: 57,000 square meters<br>bare soil: 65,000 square meters<br>forest cover: 75,000 square meters<br><br>1993:<br><br>grass cover: 95,000 square meters<br>bare soil: 16,000 square meters<br>forest cover: 57,500 square meters<br><br>2006: <br><br>grass cover: 130,000 square meters<br>bare soil: 35,000 square meters<br>forest cover: 45,000 square meters<br><br>The Jordanelle Dam was built on the Provo River in Utah in 1992. Earth scientist Adriana E. Martinez and colleagues tracked changes to the environment on the banks of the river downstream of the dam, including how much grass and forest cover were present. They concluded that the dam changed the flow of the river in ways that benefited grass plants but didn’t benefit trees.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The lowest amount of grass cover was approximately 58,000 square meters, and the highest amount of forest cover was approximately 75,000 square meters.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "There was more grass cover than forest cover in 1987, and this difference increased dramatically in 1993 and again in 2006.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "There was less grass cover than bare soil in 1987 but more grass cover than bare soil in 1993 and 2006, whereas there was more forest cover than bare soil in all three years.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Grass cover increased from 1987 to 1993 and from 1993 to 2006, whereas forest cover decreased in those periods.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it describes data from the graph that support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion that the Jordanelle Dam led to changes that benefited grass plants but not trees. The graph shows characteristics of the banks of the Provo River downstream of the Jordanelle Dam in three different years—1987, 1993, and 2006. Specifically, the graph shows the amount of grass cover, bare soil, and forest cover in those years. The text indicates that the Jordanelle Dam was built in 1992, meaning that the data from the graph for 1987 reflect conditions before the dam was built, whereas the data for 1993 and 2006 reflect conditions after the dam was built. The data show that grass cover increased substantially from 1987 to 1993 and again from 1993 to 2006. The data also show that forest cover declined over those periods. Together, these data support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion that the dam was beneficial for grass plants but not for trees—grass cover increased significantly after the dam was built, while forest cover declined. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although it is true that, in the graph, the lowest value for grass cover is approximately 58,000 square meters and the highest value for forest cover is approximately 75,000 square meters, both values are from 1987, before the Jordanelle Dam was built in 1992. Therefore, this information alone cannot support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion about changes in grass and tree cover following the construction of the dam. Choice B is incorrect because it presents an inaccurate description of data from the graph. The graph shows that there was more forest cover than grass cover in 1987, not that there was more grass cover than forest cover that year. Choice C is incorrect because, while it accurately reflects data from the graph when it compares grass cover and forest cover to bare soil, these data alone cannot support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion that the dam led to changes that benefited grass plants but not trees. An increase in grass cover relative to bare soil following the construction of the dam might indicate that the dam benefited grass plants, but the fact that there was more forest cover than bare soil in all three years doesn’t indicate that the dam failed to benefit trees.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/d83c3d54_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "dc47c2ac",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Although most songbirds build open, cupped nests, some species build domed nests with roofs that provide much more protection. Many ecologists have assumed that domed nests would provide protection from weather conditions and thus would allow species that build them to have larger geographic ranges than species that build open nests do. To evaluate this assumption, a research team led by evolutionary biologist Iliana Medina analyzed data for over 3,000 species of songbirds.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from Medina and her colleagues’ study, if true, would most directly challenge the assumption in the underlined sentence?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Species that build open nests tend to have higher extinction rates than species that build domed nests.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Species that build open nests tend to be smaller in size than species that build domed nests.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Species that build open nests tend to use fewer materials to build their nests than species that build domed nests do.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Species that build open nests tend to have larger ranges than species that build domed nests.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would challenge the assumption that many ecologists have made about the connection between the building of domed nests and geographic range in songbirds. The text says that many ecologists have assumed that since domed nests provide protection from weather conditions, songbird species that build such nests should be able to have larger geographic ranges than songbird species that build open nests do. If Medina and her colleagues found that species that build open nests tend to have larger geographic ranges than species that build domed nests do, their finding would show the opposite of what the ecologists have assumed. It would therefore challenge the ecologists’ assumption. <br>Choice A is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that there’s a relationship between songbird species’ extinction rates and their geographic ranges. The finding that species that build open nests tend to have higher extinction rates than species that build domed nests do would therefore have no clear bearing on the ecologists’ assumption that domed nests allow species that build them to have larger geographic ranges than those of species that build open nests. Choice B is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that there’s a relationship between songbird species’ sizes and their geographic ranges. The finding that species that build open nests tend to be smaller in size than species that build domed nests are would therefore have no clear bearing on the ecologists’ assumption that domed nests allow species that build them to have larger geographic ranges than those of species that build open nests. Choice C is incorrect because although the text indicates that many ecologists have assumed that there’s a connection between how songbird species build their nests and the species’ geographic ranges, the text says that this assumption is based on the shape of the nests—that is, whether the nests are domed or open—not the number of materials used. The finding that species that build open nests tend to use fewer materials to build their nests than species that build domed nests do would therefore have no clear bearing on the ecologists’ assumption that domed nests allow species that build them to have larger geographic ranges than those of species that build open nests.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "dd349efc",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Participants’ Evaluation of the Likelihood That Robots Can Work Effectively in Different Occupations<br>OccupationSomewhat or very unlikely (%)Neutral (%)Somewhat or very likely (%)television news anchor24967teacher371647firefighter62930surgeon74916tour guide10882<br>Rows in table may not add up to 100 due to rounding.<br>Georgia Tech roboticists De’Aira Bryant and Ayanna Howard, along with ethicist Jason Borenstein, were interested in people’s perceptions of robots’ competence. They recruited participants and asked them how likely they think it is that a robot could do the work required in various occupations. Participants’ evaluations varied widely depending on which occupation was being considered; for example, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "47% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work effectively as a teacher, but 37% of respondents believe that it is somewhat or very unlikely that a robot could do so.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "9% of participants were neutral about whether a robot could work effectively as a television news anchor, which is the same percent of participants who were neutral when asked about a robot working as a surgeon.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "82% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work effectively as a tour guide, but only 16% believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work as a surgeon.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "62% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very unlikely that a robot could work effectively as a firefighter.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it effectively uses data from the table to complete the example of variations in participants’ evaluations. The table shows participants’ evaluations of the likelihood that robots could work effectively in different occupations. The text asserts that participants’ evaluations varied widely depending on the occupation being considered and introduces an example supporting that assertion. The data from the table showing that 82% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work effectively as a tour guide but only 16% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work effectively as a surgeon illustrate this assertion: those data show participants’ views changing substantially with the occupation being considered.  <br>Choice A is incorrect because it does not describe data that illustrate the assertion that participants’ evaluations varied widely depending on which occupation was being considered. Although this choice accurately describes data in the table, data about participants’ responses when considering a single occupation—teaching—could not be an example of people’s views changing substantially depending on the occupation being considered. Choice B is incorrect because it identifies a similarity in participants’ responses when considering two different occupations, but the assertion that the example is intended to illustrate is that participants’ evaluations varied widely depending on the occupation being considered. Although this choice accurately describes data in the table, those data do not illustrate the assertion in the text. Choice D is incorrect because it does not describe data that illustrate the assertion that participants’ evaluations varied widely depending on which occupation was being considered. Although this choice accurately describes data in the table, data showing participants’ evaluation of just one occupation could not be an example of participants’ evaluations changing depending on the occupation under evaluation.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "dd72993d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Rivers rich in sediment appear yellow, while increases in red algae make rivers appear red. To track things like the sediment or algae content of large US rivers, John R. Gardner and colleagues used satellite data to determine the dominant visible wavelengths of light measured for various segments of these rivers. The researchers classified wavelengths of 495 nanometers (nm) and below as red, wavelengths between 495 and 560 nm as blue, and wavelengths of 560 nm and above as yellow. The researchers concluded that for the Missouri River, segments flowing into lakes tend to carry more sediment than those flowing out of lakes.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The segments of the Missouri River that had higher levels of chlorophyll-a, which contributes to the green color of photosynthetic organisms, have dominant wavelengths of light between 490 and 560 nm.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In lakes through which segments of the Missouri River pass, the dominant wavelength of light tended to be above 560 nm near the lakes’ shores and below 560 nm in the lakes’ centers.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The majority of the segments of the Missouri River were found to have dominant wavelengths of light significantly higher than 560 nm.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Segments of the Missouri River flowing into lakes typically had dominant wavelengths of light above 560 nm, while segments flowing out of lakes typically had dominant wavelengths below 560 nm.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support Gardner and colleagues’ conclusion that segments of the Missouri River flowing into lakes tend to carry more sediment than do segments of the river flowing out of lakes. The text says that rivers appear yellow when they contain a lot of sediment and appear red when they contain a lot of algae. It goes on to explain that Gardner and colleagues measured the wavelengths of light for different segments of rivers in the United States and classified those wavelength measurements into colors: red for wavelengths of 495 nanometers and below, blue for wavelengths between 495 and 560 nanometers, and yellow for wavelengths of 560 nanometers and above. Combined with the earlier information about river colors, this suggests that rivers rich in sediment will have wavelengths of 560 nanometers and above (since such rivers appear yellow). If researchers found that Missouri River segments flowing into lakes tend to have wavelengths above 560 nanometers and segments flowing out of lakes tend to have wavelengths below 560 nanometers, this finding would support Gardner and colleagues’ conclusion, since it would suggest that the river tends to carry more sediment when it flows into lakes than when it flows out of lakes. <br>Choice A is incorrect because finding that sections of the Missouri River with high chlorophyll-a levels have wavelengths between 490 and 560 nanometers would be irrelevant to the researchers’ conclusion that segments of the river flowing into lakes are richer in sediment than are segments of the river flowing out of lakes. This finding would not indicate anything about segments flowing into or out of lakes. Choice B is incorrect because finding that lakes through which the Missouri River passes have higher wavelengths near their shores than in the center would not support the researchers’ conclusion that segments of the river flowing into lakes have more sediment than segments flowing out of lakes. This finding would suggest only that there is more sediment around the edges of lakes than in their centers, which does not have any direct bearing on the researchers’ conclusion about river segments flowing into and out of lakes. Choice C is incorrect because finding that most segments of the Missouri River have wavelengths significantly higher than 560 nanometers would suggest that most segments of the river are high in sediment, not that segments flowing into lakes are higher in sediment than segments flowing out of lakes. Only a comparison of river segments flowing into lakes with segments flowing out of lakes can support the researchers’ conclusion.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "e1546fd6",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Average Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations in Seawater after Volcanic Eruption<br>NutrientSeawater in lava-affected area, 5–45 meters below surfaceSeawater in lava-affected area, 75–125 meters below surfaceSeawater outside of lava-affected area, 5–45 meters below surfaceSeawater outside of lava-affected area, 75–125 meters below surfaceNitrate (micromoles per liter)3.10.4≤0.03less than or equal to 0.03≤0.01less than or equal to 0.01Phosphate (micromoles per liter)0.170.090.140.06<br>After a volcanic eruption spilled lava into North Pacific Ocean waters, a dramatic increase of diatoms (a kind of phytoplankton) near the surface occurred. Scientists assumed the diatoms were thriving on nutrients such as phosphate from the lava, but analysis showed these nutrients weren’t present near the surface in forms diatoms can consume. However, there was an abundance of usable nitrate, a nutrient usually found in much deeper water and almost never found in lava. Microbial oceanographer Sonya Dyhrman and colleagues believe that as the lava plunged nearly 300 meters below the surface it dislodged pockets of this nutrient, releasing it to float upward, given that ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "at 5–45 meters below the surface, the average concentration of phosphate was about the same in the seawater in the lava-affected area as in the seawater outside of the lava-affected area.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "for both depth ranges measured, the average concentrations of nitrate were substantially higher in the seawater in the lava-affected area than in the seawater outside of the lava-affected area.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "for both depth ranges measured in the seawater in the lava-affected area, the average concentrations of nitrate were substantially higher than the average concentrations of phosphate.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "in the seawater outside of the lava-affected area, there was little change in the average concentration of nitrate from 75–125 meters below the surface to 5–45 meters below the surface.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The claim is that the lava freed the deep nitrate, allowing it to float upward. The table supports this by showing that there was more nitrate in the lava-affected seawater at various depths above 300 meters (the depth to which the lava plunged) than in unaffected seawater. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t complete the statement in a way that supports the claim. The claim is about nitrate, not phosphate. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t complete the statement in a way that supports the claim. The claim is only about nitrate—the concentrations of phosphate aren’t relevant. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t complete the statement in a way that supports the claim. It doesn’t say anything about the seawater inside the lava-affected area.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "e2829dd7",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>All values are approximate.<br>The following 4 lines are shown:<br><br>females with CNO<br>females with saline<br>males with CNO<br>males with saline<br><br>The females with CNO line: <br><br>Begins at negative 4, 500<br>Rises sharply to 10, 735<br>Rises sharply to 24, 1,100<br>Rises sharply to 38, 1,400<br>Falls sharply to 52, 1,000<br>Rises gradually to 66, 1,050<br>Falls gradually to 80, 980<br>Falls sharply to 94, 735<br>Falls gradually to 108, 700<br>Falls sharply to 122, 500<br>Remains level to 136, 500<br>Falls sharply to 150, 350<br><br>The females with saline line: <br><br>Begins at negative 4, 500<br>Rises gradually to 10, 550<br>Falls gradually to 24, 505<br>Falls sharply to 38, 250<br>Falls sharply to 52, 75<br>Rises sharply to 66, 450<br>Falls gradually to 80, 350<br>Falls sharply to 94, 175<br>Remains level to 108, 175<br>Falls gradually to 122, 100<br>Rises gradually to 136, 175<br>Rises gradually to 150, 200<br><br>The males with CNO line: <br><br>Begins at negative 4, 450<br>Rises gradually to 10, 530<br>Rises gradually to 24, 600<br>Falls gradually to 38, 550<br>Falls gradually to 52, 530<br>Falls gradually to 66, 500<br>Falls gradually to 80, 450<br>Remains level to 94, 450<br>Rises gradually to 108, 475<br>Falls sharply to 122, 235<br>Falls gradually to 136, 210<br>Falls gradually to 150, 205<br><br>The males with saline line: <br><br>Begins at negative 4, 400<br>Rises sharply to 10, 505<br>Falls sharply to 24, 350<br>Falls gradually to 38, 275<br>Falls sharply to 52, 100<br>Rises sharply to 66, 225<br>Falls sharply to 80, 75<br><br>To investigate the influence of certain estrogen-responsive neurons on energy expenditure, biologist Stephanie Correa et al. treated female and male mice with either saline solution or clozapine-N4-oxide (CNO), which activates the neurons. Monitoring the activity levels of the mice by measuring how frequently the animals broke infrared beams crossing their enclosures, Correa et al. found that the mice in their study showed sex-specific differences in response to neuron activation: ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "the four groups of mice differed greatly in their activity levels before treatment but showed identical activity levels at the end of the monitoring period.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "saline-treated females showed substantially more activity at certain points in the monitoring period than saline-treated males did.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "CNO-treated females showed more activity relative to saline-treated females than CNO-treated males showed relative to saline-treated males.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "CNO-treated females showed a substantial increase and then decline in activity over the monitoring period, whereas CNO-treated males showed a substantial decline in activity followed by a steep increase.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The graph shows that the CNO-treated females were way more active than the CNO-treated males, while the saline-treated males and females (the control groups) had very similar activity levels. This supports the claim that there were sex-specific differences in the mice’s response to neuron activation. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. All four groups of mice started at nearly the same activity level before treatment (see how all four points are very close together at -4 minutes, meaning four minutes before treatment). Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t complete the assertion. The assertion is about the mice’s response to neuron activation, so we need to include the data about the CNO-treated females and males. Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The line for the CNO-treated males does not show a “substantial decline” until around 122 minutes, and there is no “steep increase” afterward.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/e2829dd7_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "fbb84fb0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Hedda Gabler is an 1890 play by Henrik Ibsen. As a woman in the Victorian era, Hedda, the play’s central character, is unable to freely determine her own future. Instead, she seeks to influence another person’s fate, as is evident when she says to another character, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a translation of Hedda Gabler most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Then what in heaven’s name would you have me do with myself?”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“I want for once in my life to have power to mould a human destiny.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Then I, poor creature, have no sort of power over you?”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Faithful to your principles, now and for ever! Ah, that is how a man should be!”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim in the text that Hedda seeks to influence another character’s fate. In the quotation, Hedda says that she wants “to have power to mould a human destiny,” or shape a person’s fate, just as the text indicates. Additionally, the phrase “for once in my life” suggests that Hedda feels that she has never been able to shape anyone’s life, including her own, supporting the text’s assertion that she “is unable to freely determine her own future.” <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation shows Hedda being uncertain about what to do with her own life, not wanting to influence another person’s fate. Choice C is incorrect because while this quotation shows Hedda’s interest in finding out whether she has any power over another character, it doesn’t clearly show that she wants to influence that person’s fate. In this quotation, Hedda seems to have inferred or concluded (“then”) that she doesn’t have any influence over the person to whom she’s speaking, and she’s asking that person to confirm her lack of influence. Choice D is incorrect because this quotation expresses Hedda’s belief that a man should be true to his principles, not her desire to influence another person’s fate.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
];

export const COMMAND_EVIDENCE_HARD: PracticeQuestion[] = [
  {
    id: "0045c234",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Given that stars and planets initially form from the same gas and dust in space, some astronomers have posited that host stars (such as the Sun) and their planets (such as those in our solar system) are composed of the same materials, with the planets containing equal or smaller quantities of the materials that make up the host star. This idea is also supported by evidence that rocky planets in our solar system are composed of some of the same materials as the Sun.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the astronomers’ claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Most stars are made of hydrogen and helium, but when cooled they are revealed to contain small amounts of iron and silicate.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "A nearby host star is observed to contain the same proportion of hydrogen and helium as that of the Sun.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Evidence emerges that the amount of iron in some rocky planets is considerably higher than the amount in their host star.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The method for determining the composition of rocky planets is discovered to be less effective when used to analyze other kinds of planets.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would weaken the astronomers’ claim about the makeup of host stars and their planets. The text explains that because stars and planets begin forming from the same gas and dust, astronomers believe planets should be composed of the same materials as their host stars, but in equal or smaller quantities. The finding that the amount of iron in some rocky planets is much higher than the amount in their host star would weaken the astronomers’ claim because it would show that some planets contain the same material as their host star, but in higher quantities. <br>Choice A is incorrect because a finding only about the makeup of stars, whether they’ve cooled or not, would provide no information about the makeup of planets. Thus, it wouldn’t have any bearing on the claim that planets and their host stars are composed of the same materials in differing quantities. Choice B is incorrect because a finding about two host stars having similar proportions of certain materials wouldn’t provide any information about the makeup of planets. Thus, it wouldn’t be relevant to the claim that planets and their host stars are composed of the same materials in differing quantities. Choice D is incorrect because the text indicates that the astronomers’ claim is based on a fact—that stars and planets begin forming from the same gas and dust in space—which would remain true regardless of the effectiveness of a method for analysis of compositions. The text does cite analysis of rocky planets in our solar system and the Sun, but only as a single piece of evidence that is consistent with the claim and not as the source of the claim; the finding that the method used for that analysis is less effective in other scenarios wouldn’t weaken a claim that’s based on knowledge of how stars and planets initially form.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "014b3394",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Average Number and Duration of Torpor Bouts and Arousal Episodes for Alaska Marmots and Arctic Ground Squirrels, 2008–2011<br>FeatureAlaska marmotsArctic ground squirrelstorpor bouts1210.5duration per bout13.81 days16.77 daysarousal episodes119.5duration per episode21.2 hours14.2 hours<br>When hibernating, Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels enter a state called torpor, which minimizes the energy their bodies need to function. Often a hibernating animal will temporarily come out of torpor (called an arousal episode) and its metabolic rate will rise, burning more of the precious energy the animal needs to survive the winter. Alaska marmots hibernate in groups and therefore burn less energy keeping warm during these episodes than they would if they were alone. A researcher hypothesized that because Arctic ground squirrels hibernate alone, they would likely exhibit longer bouts of torpor and shorter arousal episodes than Alaska marmots.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researcher’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Alaska marmots’ arousal episodes lasted for days, while the Arctic ground squirrels’ arousal episodes lasted less than a day.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Alaska marmots and the Arctic ground squirrels both maintained torpor for several consecutive days per bout, on average.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Alaska marmots had shorter torpor bouts and longer arousal episodes than the Arctic ground squirrels did.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Alaska marmots had more torpor bouts than arousal episodes, but their arousal episodes were much shorter than their torpor bouts.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it describes data from the table that support the researcher’s hypothesis. According to the text, the researcher hypothesized that Arctic ground squirrels would exhibit longer torpor bouts and shorter arousal episodes than Alaska marmots do—or, put the other way, that the marmots would show shorter torpor bouts and longer arousal episodes than the ground squirrels do. The table shows data about torpor bouts and arousal episodes for the two species from 2008 to 2011. According to the table, the average duration of torpor bouts was 13.81 days for Alaska marmots, shorter than the average of 16.77 days for Arctic ground squirrels, and the average duration of arousal episodes was 21.2 hours for Alaska marmots, longer than the average of 14.2 hours for Arctic ground squirrels. Thus, the table supports the researcher’s hypothesis by showing that Alaska marmots had shorter bouts of torpor and longer arousal episodes than Arctic ground squirrels did. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it inaccurately describes data from the table and doesn’t support the researcher’s hypothesis. The table shows that the average duration of arousal episodes was less than a day for both Alaska marmots (21.2 hours) and Arctic ground squirrels (14.2 hours). Additionally, information about arousal episodes for Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels isn’t sufficient to support a hypothesis involving comparisons of both arousal episodes and torpor bouts for those animals. Choice B is incorrect because it doesn’t support the researcher’s hypothesis, which involves comparisons of arousal episodes as well as torpor bouts for Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels. Noting that both animals had torpor bouts lasting several days, on average, doesn’t address arousal episodes at all, nor does it reveal how the animals’ torpor bouts compared. Choice D is incorrect because it doesn’t support the researcher’s hypothesis. Although the table does show that Alaska marmots had more torpor bouts (12) than arousal episodes (11) and that their arousal episodes were much shorter than their torpor bouts (21.2 hours and 13.81 days, respectively), comparing data across only Alaska marmot behaviors isn’t sufficient to support a hypothesis about torpor and arousal behaviors of both Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "01c1d9ee",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Swahili Speakers in Three African Countries<br>CountryApproximate number of speakers (in millions)Estimated % of populationDemocratic Republic of the Congo2225Kenya55100Tanzania61100<br>Swahili is estimated to be the first language of up to 15 million people worldwide. It’s also an officially recognized language in Tanzania, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which means these countries use Swahili in government documents and proceedings. But even in countries where almost everyone speaks Swahili, for many it isn’t their first language but is instead their second, third, or even fourth language.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the underlined claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Tanzania has approximately 61 million Swahili speakers, which is much more than the estimated total number of people worldwide for whom Swahili is their first language.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Tanzania is estimated to have at most 15 million Swahili speakers, while the country’s total population is approximately 61 million people.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Approximately 100 percent of the people who speak Swahili as their first language live in Kenya, which has a total population of approximately 55 million people.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Approximately 100 percent of Kenya’s population speaks Swahili, while only about 25 percent of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s population speaks Swahili.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to support the underlined claim. The text indicates that Swahili is the first language of up to 15 million people worldwide. The text goes on to claim, in the underlined portion, that even in countries where nearly everyone speaks Swahili, many of the language’s speakers don’t have Swahili as their first language. The table indicates that 61 million people in Tanzania, which amounts to 100 percent of the population, speak Swahili. If 61 million people in Tanzania speak Swahili, but only 15 million people worldwide have Swahili as their first language, that means there are many people in Tanzania who speak Swahili as a language other than their first language. This information about Swahili speakers in Tanzania therefore supports the claim that many Swahili speakers in countries where nearly everyone speaks Swahili speak it as a language other than their first language (such as their second, third, or fourth language). <br>Choice B is incorrect because it doesn’t accurately describe information in the table. According to the table, Tanzania has 61 million Swahili speakers, not at most 15 million Swahili speakers. Additionally, the table indicates that 100 percent of Tanzania’s population speak Swahili, which means that the number of Swahili speakers in the country and the country’s total population should be the same, not that they should differ by such a large amount. Choice C is incorrect because there’s no information in the table or the text that indicates where people who speak Swahili as their first language live. Although Kenya’s total population can be inferred from the table—if Kenya has 55 million Swahili speakers and 100% of Kenya’s population speak Swahili, then Kenya must have a population of 55 million people—nothing suggests that all the people who speak Swahili as their first language live in a single country, let alone that they all live in Kenya. Choice D is incorrect. Although the table does indicate that 100 percent of Kenya’s population and 25 percent of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s population speak Swahili, this comparison is irrelevant to the claim that Swahili isn’t the first language of many of its speakers even in countries where almost everyone speaks Swahili. On its own, a difference in the proportions of the population who speak Swahili cannot reveal whether those Swahili speakers have Swahili as their first language or a subsequent language.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "0240d11c",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican American folklore, but they did not always agree about that folklore’s origins. Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican American folklore derived largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Scholars such as Américo Paredes, by contrast, argued that while some Spanish influence is undeniable, Mexican American folklore is mainly the product of the ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support Paredes’s argument?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The folklore that the ethnographers collected included several songs written in the form of a décima, a type of poem originating in late sixteenth-century Spain.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Much of the folklore that the ethnographers collected had similar elements from region to region.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected was previously unknown to scholars.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected consisted of corridos—ballads about history and social life—of a clearly recent origin.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support Paredes’s argument that Mexican-American folklore is mostly the result of cultural interactions in Mexico and the United States rather than an adaptation of Spanish folklore. The text describes a disagreement among scholars about whether Mexican-American folklore mostly derived from the folklore of Spain or originated in Mexico and the United States as cultures there have interacted. The latter view is the argument that Paredes puts forward. If Mexican-American folklore collected in the twentieth century mostly consists of ballads about history and social life that originated recently, then that would support Paredes’s argument, since it would suggest that the folklore mostly arose after Spanish rule ended in the early nineteenth century and that the folklore reflects cultural interactions in Mexico and the United States rather than traditions from Spain. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the inclusion of songs influenced by sixteenth-century Spanish poetry among Mexican-American folklore collected in the twentieth century would not support Paredes’s view that the folklore was the result of cultural interactions in Mexico and the United States rather than an offshoot of Spanish folklore. If anything, the presence of such songs among the folklore collected in the twentieth century would weaken Paredes’s argument, since it would reflect the influence of Spanish culture on the folklore. Choice B is incorrect because the mere presence of similarities in Mexican-American folklore across regions would not be sufficient to draw a conclusion about where the folklore originated, let alone to support Paredes’s argument that the folklore reflects cultural interactions in Mexico and the United States. In fact, since Paredes argued that Mexican-American folklore is the product of various cultures interacting in Mexico and the United States, he would likely expect there to be regional variations in folklore as different cultures have interacted in different places. Choice C is incorrect because scholars’ previous ignorance of the folklore would have no bearing on Paredes’s argument that Mexican-American folklore mostly reflects cultural interactions in Mexico and the United States. The folklore’s origins are independent of scholars’ knowledge of the folklore.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "02848335",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>spray coating<br>spin coating<br><br>The data for the 2 categories are as follows:<br><br>lowest performing:<br><br>spray coating: 15.48%<br>spin coating: 11.70%<br><br>highest performing:<br><br>spray coating: 17.26%<br>spin coating: 13.56%<br><br>Perovskite solar cells convert light into electricity more efficiently than earlier kinds of solar cells, and manufacturing advances have recently made them commercially attractive. One limitation of the cells, however, has to do with their electron transport layer (ETL), through which absorbed electrons must pass. Often the ETL is applied through a process called spin coating, but such ETLs are fairly inefficient at converting input power to output power. André Taylor and colleagues tested a novel spray coating method for applying the ETL. The team produced ETLs of various thicknesses and concluded that spray coating holds promise for improving the power conversion efficiency of ETLs in perovskite solar cells.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that support Taylor and colleagues’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Both the ETL applied through spin coating and the ETL applied through spray coating showed a power conversion efficiency greater than 10% at their lowest performing thickness.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The lowest performing ETL applied through spray coating had a higher power conversion efficiency than the highest performing ETL applied through spin coating.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The highest performing ETL applied through spray coating showed a power conversion efficiency of approximately 13%, while the highest performing ETL applied through spin coating showed a power conversion efficiency of approximately 11%.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "There was a substantial difference in power conversion efficiency between the lowest and highest performing ETLs applied through spray coating.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it describes data from the graph that support Taylor and colleagues’ conclusion that spray coating holds promise for improving the power conversion efficiency of ETLs in perovskite solar cells. The text explains that perovskite solar cells’ efficiency at converting light into electricity is diminished by their electron transport layer (ETL), which is applied through spin coating, but that Taylor’s team devised a new spray coating method for applying the ETL that improves its power conversion efficiency. The graph displays data on the power conversion efficiency of solar cells in tests conducted by Taylor’s team, with bars for both the highest- and lowest-performing ETLs in two data categories: spray coating and spin coating. According to the graph, the lowest-performing ETL applied through spray coating had a power conversion efficiency of between 14% and 16%, while the highest-performing ETL applied through spin coating had a power conversion efficiency of less than 14%. These data confirm that ETLs applied through novel spray coating are more efficient than those applied though traditional spin coating. Thus, the data support Taylor and colleagues’ conclusion about spray coating’s potential value. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although this claim correctly describes the data in the graph by stating that both the lowest-performing ETL applied through spin coating and the lowest-performing ETL applied through spray coating had a power conversion efficiency greater than 10%, this relationship in the data doesn’t support or relate to Taylor and colleagues’ conclusion that spray coating promises greater efficiency for solar cells than traditional spin coating does. Choice C is incorrect. This claim does address the greater power conversion efficiency of the highest-performing ETL applied through spray coating, compared with the highest-performing ETL applied through spin coating. However, it also incorrectly cites the value for the efficiency of the highest-performing ETL applied through spray coating as approximately 13%, instead of a value between 14% and 16%, and the value for the efficiency of the highest-performing ETL applied through spin coating as approximately 11%, instead of a value between 12% and 14%, as shown in the graph. Choice D is incorrect because Taylor and colleagues’ conclusion is based on the difference in the power conversion efficiency of ETLs applied through spray coating and that of ETLs applied through spin coating, not on the difference between the highest- and lowest-performing ETLs applied through just spray coating.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/02848335_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "04cbeca3",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In 1534 CE, King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, in part because Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Two years later, Henry VIII introduced a policy titled the Dissolution of the Monasteries that by 1540 had resulted in the closure of all Catholic monasteries in England and the confiscation of their estates. Some historians assert that the enactment of the policy was primarily motivated by perceived financial opportunities.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a scholarly article best supports the assertion of the historians mentioned in the text?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, about 2 percent of the adult male population of England were monks; by 1690, the proportion of the adult male population who were monks was less than 1 percent.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“A contemporary description of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Michael Sherbrook’s Falle of the Religious Howses, recounts witness testimony that monks were allowed to keep the contents of their cells and that the monastery timber was purchased by local yeomen.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“In 1535, the year before enacting the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry commissioned a survey of the value of church holdings in England—the work, performed by sheriffs, bishops, and magistrates, began that January and was swiftly completed by the summer.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“The October 1536 revolt known as the Pilgrimage of Grace had several economic motives: high food prices due to a poor harvest the prior year; the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which closed reliable sources of food and shelter for many; and rents and taxes throughout Northern England that were not merely high but predatory.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. The fact that Henry VIII commissioned a survey of church holdings just before enacting the Dissolution of the Monasteries suggests that he was interested in the potential profits from claiming their assets. This supports the historians’ assertion. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice describes a potential effect of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The decrease in the proportion of monks in England isn’t relevant to the question of Henry VIII’s motivations. Choice B is incorrect. Details about how the monks were treated during the dissolution don’t address Henry VIII’s motivations for enacting the policy in the first place. That the monks could keep the content of their cells (their rooms) and sell off the timber they’d harvested has no impact on the value of the monasteries’ estates—their land holdings. Choice D is incorrect. This choice mentions one impact that the Dissolution of the Monasteries contributed to, two years after it happened. But it doesn’t help explain why Henry VIII might have wanted to enact the policy in the first place.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "09f9edb0",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In the 1980s, many musicians and journalists in the English-speaking world began to draw attention to music from around the globe—such as mbaqanga from South Africa and quan họ from Vietnam—that can’t be easily categorized according to British or North American popular music genres, typically referring to such music as “world music.” While some scholars have welcomed this development for bringing diverse musical forms to prominence in countries where they’d previously been overlooked, musicologist Su Zheng claims that the concept of world music homogenizes highly distinct traditions by reducing them all to a single category.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding about mbaqanga and quan họ, if true, would most directly support Zheng’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Mbaqanga and quan họ developed independently of each other and have little in common musically.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Mbaqanga is significantly more popular in the English-speaking world than quan họ is.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Mbaqanga and quan họ are now performed by a diverse array of musicians with no direct connections to South Africa or Vietnam.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Mbaqanga and quan họ are highly distinct from British and North American popular music genres but similar to each other.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. Zheng’s claim is that the idea of world music “homogenizes” (meaning makes similar) distinct kinds of music by reducing them to one category. In other words, Zheng thinks the concept of world music is a harmful oversimplification of diverse musical forms. To support this claim, we need evidence that these musical traditions are so different from one another that they should not fall into the same category. If it’s true that mbaqanga and quan họ developed separately and have little in common musically, then it wouldn’t make sense to lump them into the same category. <br>Choice B is incorrect. If true, this wouldn’t affect the claim. To support the claim, we need evidence that these musical traditions are so different from one another that they should not fall into the same category. A difference in popularity doesn’t necessarily mean that the two musical traditions shouldn’t be categorized together: instead, we need to know if the music itself is similar or different. Choice C is incorrect. If true, this wouldn’t affect the claim. To support the claim, we need evidence that these musical traditions are so different from each other that they should not fall into the same category. This choice doesn’t do that. Choice D is incorrect. If true, this would actually weaken the claim. Zheng thinks it’s reductive or oversimplifying to put distinct musical traditions into a single category. But if mbaqanga and quan họ are similar to each other, then it would make sense to put them in the same category.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "124fdcd7",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Many archaeologists will tell you that categorizing excavated fragments of pottery by style, period, and what objects they belong to relies not only on standard criteria, but also on instinct developed over years of practice. In a recent study, however, researchers trained a deep-learning computer model on thousands of images of pottery fragments and found that it could categorize them as accurately as a team of expert archaeologists. Some archaeologists have expressed concern that they might be replaced by such computer models, but the researchers claim that outcome is highly unlikely.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "In the researchers’ study, the model was able to categorize the pottery fragments much more quickly than the archaeologists could.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In the researchers’ study, neither the model nor the archeologists were able to accurately categorize all the pottery fragments that were presented.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "A survey of archaeologists showed that categorizing pottery fragments limits the amount of time they can dedicate to other important tasks that only human experts can do.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "A survey of archaeologists showed that few of them received dedicated training in how to properly categorize pottery fragments.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support the researchers’ claim that archaeologists are unlikely to be replaced by certain computer models. The text explains that although archaeologists hold that categorizing pottery fragments relies on both objective criteria and instinct developed through direct experience, researchers have found that a computer model can categorize the fragments with the same degree of accuracy as the humans can—a finding that has caused some archaeologists to worry that their own work won’t be needed any longer. If survey results indicate that categorizing pottery fragments limits the amount of time archaeologists can dedicate to other important tasks that only human experts can do, that would mean that computer models aren’t able to do all of the important things archaeologists do, thus supporting the researchers’ claim that computer models are unlikely to replace human archaeologists. <br>Choice A is incorrect because if it were true that the computer model could categorize the pottery fragments much more quickly than the archaeologists could, that would weaken the researchers’ claim that archaeologists are unlikely to be replaced by certain computer models, since it would demonstrate that the models could conduct the archaeologists’ work not only with equal accuracy but also at a faster pace. Choice B is incorrect because the inability of both the computer model and the archaeologists to accurately categorize all of the pottery fragments presented wouldn’t support the researchers’ claim that archaeologists are unlikely to be replaced by certain computer models. The text indicates that some archaeologists are worried because the computer model’s accuracy is equal to their own, and that could be the case whether both were perfectly accurate or were unable to achieve complete accuracy. Choice D is incorrect because survey results showing that few archaeologists received special training in properly categorizing pottery fragments wouldn’t support the researchers’ claim that archaeologists are unlikely to be replaced by certain computer models. The amount of special training in categorizing pottery fragments that archaeologists have received has no direct bearing on whether computer models’ success at categorizing fragments will lead to the models replacing the archaeologists.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "156ff681",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Many governments that regularly transfer money to individuals—to provide supplemental incomes for senior citizens, for example—have long done so electronically, but other countries typically have distributed physical money and have only recently developed electronic transfer infrastructure. Researchers studied the introduction of an electronic transfer system in one such location and found that recipients of electronic transfers consumed a different array of foods than recipients of physical transfers of the same amount did. One potential explanation for this result is that individuals conceive of and allocate funds in physical money differently than they conceive of and allocate funds in electronic form.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly weaken the potential explanation?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Recipients of electronic transfers typically spent their funds at a slower rate than recipients of physical transfers did.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Nearly every recipient of an electronic transfer withdrew the entire amount in physical money shortly after receiving the transfer.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Recipients of physical transfers tended to purchase food about as frequently as recipients of electronic transfers did.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Some recipients of physical transfers received small amounts of money relatively frequently, while others received large amounts relatively infrequently.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This would weaken the explanation. If the recipients of electronic money immediately withdrew it all as physical money, then both kinds of recipients ended up spending physical money on food. So there must be some other explanation why those who initially received electronic money ate different kinds of food. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This wouldn’t weaken the explanation. If anything, it actually supports it: it demonstrates that recipients of electronic money and recipients of physical money have different spending habits. Choice C is incorrect. This wouldn’t weaken the explanation. The explanation we’re testing this choice against is about the way that people might “conceive of and allocate” physical and electronic funds differently. This choice only focuses on the timing, not what they spend the money on. Choice D is incorrect. This would have no impact on the explanation. It doesn’t tell us anything about possible differences between the spending habits of those who spend physical money and those who spend money electronically.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "20583752",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“The Poet Walt Whitman” is an 1887 essay by José Martí, a Cuban author and political activist, originally written in Spanish. In the essay, Martí explores the value of literature, arguing that a society’s spiritual well-being depends on the character of its literary culture: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a translation of “The Poet Walt Whitman” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Poetry, which brings together or separates, which fortifies or brings anguish, which shores up or demolishes souls, which gives or robs men of faith and vigor, is more necessary to a people than industry itself, for industry provides them with a means of subsistence, while literature gives them the desire and strength for life.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Every society brings to literature its own form of expression, and the history of the nations can be told with greater truth by the stages of literature than by chronicles and decades.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Where will a race of men go when they have lost the habit of thinking with faith about the scope and meaning of their actions? The best among them, those who consecrate Nature with their sacred desire for the future, will lose, in a sordid and painful annihilation, all stimulus to alleviate the ugliness of humanity.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Listen to the song of this hardworking and satisfied nation; listen to Walt Whitman. The exercise of himself exalts him to majesty, tolerance exalts him to justice, and order to joy.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim that Martí argues that a society’s spiritual well-being depends on the character of its literary culture. In the quotation, Martí asserts that poetry is “more necessary to a people than industry itself” and that it has the power to provide people with “faith and vigor.” He also adds that literature gives people “the desire and strength for life.” Therefore, this quotation shows that Martí believes that literature is a societal necessity because it uplifts people and nourishes their spiritual well-being. <br>Choice B is incorrect. Although this quotation emphasizes the importance of literature, it focuses on how the nature of a society is reflected in that society’s literature rather than on literature’s value for people’s spiritual well-being. Choice C is incorrect. Although this quotation involves an element of spirituality, it doesn’t discuss literature. The quotation instead focuses on humanity’s actions. Choice D is incorrect because this quotation mainly focuses on the importance of Walt Whitman rather than on the value of literature in general.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "24c1b7e4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Percentage Point Changes in US Federal Outlays Relative to GDP by Congressional Status<br>PeriodCongressional statusChange in total outlaysChange in nondefense outlaysChange in defense outlays1981–1988divided−0.4−1.30.91975–1976divided2.73.0−0.31977–1980undivided0.30.6−0.31964–1968undivided1.91.40.51969–1974divided−1.82.1−3.9<br>Economist Steve H. Hanke has shown that divided US Congresses—which occur when one party holds the majority in the House of Representatives and another holds the majority in the Senate—tend to accompany reductions in total federal outlays (spending) relative to gross domestic product (GDP), which Hanke interprets to reflect decreases in government size. Hanke calculated the percentage point change in total outlays (encompassing nondefense and defense outlays) for consecutive US Congresses. Hanke has pointed to his calculations as evidence that a divided Congress may be a “necessary but not sufficient condition” for a decrease in government size to occur.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the underlined claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in nondefense outlays, whereas all the periods of divided Congresses except one were associated with reductions in defense outlays.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "All the periods of divided Congresses were associated with reductions in total outlays, although two periods were also associated with increases in nondefense outlays.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in total outlays, whereas all the periods of divided Congresses were associated with reductions in either nondefense outlays or defense outlays.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "All the periods of divided Congresses except one were associated with reductions in total outlays, whereas the periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in total outlays.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The claim is that divided Congresses are necessary but insufficient—that is, we need divide Congresses, but they are not enough—to decrease government size, as measured by total federal outlays. This choice accurately expresses the supporting data from the “change in total outlays” part of the graph. Within the data set, divided Congresses sometimes decreased total outlays, but undivided ones never did. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The claim is only about government size, as measured by total federal outlays—defense and nondefense outlays aren’t relevant. Choice B is incorrect. The claim is only about government size as measured by total federal outlays—nondefense outlays aren’t relevant. Choice C is incorrect. The claim is only about government size as measured by total federal outlays—specific information about defense or nondefense outlays isn’t relevant.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "2c06139b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Tadpole Body Mass and Toxin Production after Three Weeks in Ponds<br>Population densityAverage tadpole body mass (milligrams)Average number of distinct bufadienolide toxins per tadpoleAverage amount of bufadienolide per tadpole (nanograms)Average bufadienolide concentration (nanograms per milligram of tadpole body mass)High193.8722.695,815.51374.22Medium254.5621.655,525.72230.10Low258.9722.084,664.99171.43<br>Ecologist Veronika Bókony and colleagues investigated within-species competition among common toads (Bufo bufo), a species that secretes various unpleasant-tasting toxins called bufadienolides in response to threats. The researchers tested B. bufo tadpoles’ responses to different levels of competition by creating ponds with different tadpole population densities but a fixed amount of food. Based on analysis of the tadpoles after three weeks, the researchers concluded that increased competition drove bufadienolide production at the expense of growth.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice uses data from the table to most effectively support the researchers’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The difference in average tadpole body mass was small between the low and medium population density conditions and substantially larger between the low and high population density conditions.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Tadpoles in the low and medium population density conditions had substantially lower average bufadienolide concentrations but had greater average body masses than those in the high population density condition.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Tadpoles in the high population density condition displayed a relatively modest increase in the average amount of bufadienolide but roughly double the average bufadienolide concentration compared to those in the low population density condition.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Tadpoles produced approximately the same number of different bufadienolide toxins per individual across the population density conditions, but average tadpole body mass decreased as population density increased.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. This data shows that the tadpoles in the high-density pond (meaning those with the most competition) didn’t grow as big as the other two groups but produced more bufadienolide. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This doesn’t fully support the conclusion. It doesn’t include any data about bufadienolide production. Choice C is incorrect. This doesn’t fully support the conclusion. It doesn’t include any data about growth. Choice D is incorrect. This doesn’t fully support the conclusion. It doesn’t demonstrate that the tadpoles in the high-density pond produced more bufadienolide overall. The fact that they didn’t produce more kinds of bufadienolide isn’t relevant to the conclusion.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "35ec767c",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Corn-Related Vocabulary in Various Southeastern Languages<br>Language familyWord (language)English translationProposed origin in vocabulary of the Totozoquean language familyMuskogeantanchi’ (Chickasaw); tanchi (Choctaw); vce (Muscogee, pronounced “uh-chi”)cornnoIroquoianse-lu (Cherokee)cornnoCaddoan-k’as- (Caddo)dried cornyesChitimachak’asma (Chitimacha)cornyes<br>In Caddo, a language from what is now the US Southeast, vocabulary pertaining to corn cultivation resembles equivalent vocabulary in the Totozoquean language family in Mexico. This resemblance is perhaps attributable to cultural contact: such words could have entered Caddo through the intermediary of the neighboring but unrelated Chitimacha language, concurrent with the dissemination of corn itself from Mexico into the Southeast after 700 CE. That the vocabulary pertaining to domestic crops accompanies them as they diffuse into new regions is an established phenomenon globally. Crops may also be decoupled from vocabulary altogether: corn cultivation became ubiquitous among the Southeastern tribes, yet ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "the origins of vocabulary pertaining to the crop vary across languages in the region, with the words for corn in Cherokee and the Muskogean languages showing no demonstrable relationship to Totozoquean vocabulary.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "the region is linguistically diverse, being home not only to Chitimacha and Caddo, but also to the Muskogean language family (including Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Muscogee) and to one Iroquoian language (Cherokee).",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "corn-related vocabulary underwent changes when entering other, unrelated languages, as can be seen by the divergence of the Caddo word from the Chitimacha word it originated in.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "words for corn in the languages of the Muskogean family evolved from a common root, with the Muscogee word having lost certain consonant sounds still present in the Chickasaw and Choctaw words.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The table provides evidence that the words for corn in the Cherokee and Muskogean languages appear unrelated to those in Caddo language, which is described as closely related to the Totozoquean language family. This supports the claim that corn cultivation spread across the Southeast without necessarily spreading Totozoquean vocabulary along with it. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice emphasizes the diversity of Southeastern languages in general, but we’re specifically looking for information about words associated with corn. Choice C is incorrect. This choice shows how words for corn can change and evolve, but we’re looking for an example that shows how some words for corn can be completely unrelated. Choice D is incorrect. This choice shows words for corn that share a common root, but we’re looking for an example that shows how some words for corn can be unrelated.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "378c66d5",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>A member of the Otomi, an Indigenous people in Central Mexico, Octavio Medellín immigrated to the United States as a child, and his sculpture bears the impress of traditions on both sides of the border: US-based modernist sculpture, Mexican modernist painting, Otomi art, and the ancient sculpture of other Mexican Indigenous peoples, including the Maya. In his 1950 masterpiece History of Mexico, Medellín fuses these influences into a style so idiosyncratic that it resists efforts to view his work through the lens of nationality or cultural identity. Artists, he insisted, should strive for individual expression, even as they draw inspiration from their heritage and the communities where they live and work.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from an art critic most directly challenges the underlined claim in the text?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Although a number of ancient Indigenous artistic traditions pictured human forms in profile, the forms populating the surface of A History of Mexico suggest a specifically Maya influence.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“In A History of Mexico, the synthesis of ancient and modernist traditions functions as a stylistic parallel to the work’s subject matter: a survey of centuries of Mexican history.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Many critics focus on Indigenous influences in A History of Mexico and other key works by Medellín to the exclusion of influences from non-Indigenous art.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“While A History of Mexico features modernist motifs, it relies primarily on angular human forms in profile—a staple of Maya sculpture—and thus invites classification as Indigenous art.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This critic challenges the claim by arguing that A History of Mexico is not so idiosyncratic (unique) as to resist classification because its use of Maya-style human profiles actually “invites classification as Indigenous art.” Therefore, according to this critic, the work can be viewed, at least partially, through a lens of national or cultural identity. <br>Choice A is incorrect. While it describes the Maya influence on a particular aspect of A History of Mexico, this quotation doesn’t push back on Medellín’s “idiosyncratic” (unique) style, nor does it try to categorize the entire work into a single cultural tradition. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t directly challenge the underlined claim, but rather supports it. It suggests that the work effectively blends a variety of artistic products to create a single work that can’t be defined by any one tradition. Instead, the work recalls many centuries of history and culture all at once. Choice C is incorrect. This choice supports rather than challenges the underlined claim. The quotation argues that other critics focus too much on Indigenous influences on the artwork instead of viewing all of the influences equally—that they should instead be viewing the work as an idiosyncratic whole instead of through one or two narrow cultural lenses.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "37e15265",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>“The Young Girl” is a 1920 short story by Katherine Mansfield. In the story, the narrator takes an unnamed seventeen-year-old girl and her younger brother out for a meal. In describing the teenager, Mansfield frequently contrasts the character’s pleasant appearance with her unpleasant attitude, as when Mansfield writes of the teenager, ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from “The Young Girl” most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“I heard her murmur, ‘I can’t bear flowers on a table.’ They had evidently been giving her intense pain, for she positively closed her eyes as I moved them away.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“While we waited she took out a little, gold powder-box with a mirror in the lid, shook the poor little puff as though she loathed it, and dabbed her lovely nose.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I saw, after that, she couldn’t stand this place a moment longer, and, indeed, she jumped up and turned away while I went through the vulgar act of paying for the tea.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“She didn’t even take her gloves off. She lowered her eyes and drummed on the table. When a faint violin sounded she winced and bit her lip again. Silence.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it most effectively illustrates the claim in the text that in describing the teenaged girl, Mansfield contrasts the character’s pleasant appearance with her unpleasant attitude. In the quotation, Mansfield describes the teenager as having a “lovely nose” (a compliment about her appearance) but also as treating her makeup puff “as though she loathed it” (a judgment suggesting her unpleasant attitude). <br>Choice A is incorrect because the teenager′s reaction to the flowers doesn’t make it clear that she has an unpleasant attitude, and nothing in the quotation indicates that any part of her appearance is pleasant. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation suggests that the teenager has an unpleasant attitude (being upset with the location and leaving the table before the narrator has paid for the meal) but doesn’t give any indication that she has a pleasant appearance. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation suggests that the teenager may have an unpleasant attitude (lowering her eyes, wincing, and sitting in silence) but doesn’t give any indication that any part of her appearance is pleasant.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "39e440e4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Archaeologists have held that the Casarabe culture, which emerged in the southwestern Amazon basin in the first millennium CE, was characterized by a sparse, widely distributed population and little intervention in the surrounding wilderness. Recently, however, archaeologist Heiko Prümers and colleagues conducted a study of the region using remote-sensing technology that enabled them to create three-dimensional images of the jungle-covered landscape from above, and the researchers concluded that the Casarabe people developed a form of urbanism in the Amazon basin.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding about the remote-sensing images, if true, would most directly support Prümers and colleagues’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "They show shapes consistent with widely separated settlements of roughly equal small size surrounded by uncultivated jungle.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "They show shapes consistent with long-distance footpaths running from Casarabe territories to large cities outside the region inhabited by the Casarabe people.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "They show shapes consistent with scattered small farms created by clearing jungle areas near sources of fresh water.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "They show shapes consistent with monumental platforms and dense central settlements linked to smaller settlements by a system of canals and roadways.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. This finding, if true, would support the archaeologists’ conclusion. Dense central settlements linked to smaller ones would provide evidence of cities and suburbs—in other words, “a form of urbanism.” <br>Choice A is incorrect. This finding, if true, would weaken the archaeologists’ conclusion. Widely separated, small settlements with jungle in between would support the long-held belief that the Casarabe culture “was characterized by a sparse, widely distributed population and little intervention in the surrounding wilderness.” Choice B is incorrect. This choice wouldn’t support the researchers’ conclusion. These large cities are located outside Casarabe territory, which doesn’t show evidence of Casarabe urbanism. Choice C is incorrect. This finding wouldn’t support the archaeologists’ conclusion. Scattered small farms in jungle clearings are not good evidence to support the existence of cities (“a form of urbanism”).",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3bfcb73b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>An archaeological team led by Piotr Bieliński and Sultan al-Bakri found remnants of a 4,000-year-old Bronze Age board game at a site in Oman. Little is left of the game except a stone board, which is carved with a grid and has places to hold game pieces. Some scholars claim that the game was largely played by traders.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the scholars’ claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Other examples of the game dating to the same period have been found in the remains of several homes in the region, including in one home that may have belonged to a trader.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Similar games have been found in other sites dating to the same period that were connected to the site in Oman via trade routes.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The other known examples of the game dating to the same period have been found along routes that seem to have been used primarily by traders at the time.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Remnants of other goods have been found at the site in Oman that probably also reached the location through trade.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most directly support the scholars’ claim about the board game. The text explains that the remains of a 4,000-year-old board game were found in Oman. The text then states that scholars claim this board game was played mostly by traders. If the other known examples of this board game from the same time period were discovered along routes that seem to have been used primarily by traders, this finding would directly support the scholars’ claim because it suggests that the game was largely played by traders who brought it with them for entertainment as they traveled. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this finding would suggest only that a single trader may have possessed examples of the board game, perhaps for the purpose of trading or selling the game to residents of Oman. For this reason, the finding wouldn’t directly support the scholars’ claim that the majority of the game’s players were traders. Choice B is incorrect because this finding doesn’t mention the board game at all, referring only to similar games found at other sites, and would therefore provide no direct support for the scholars’ claim about the board game. Choice D is incorrect because this finding doesn’t mention the board game at all, referring only to the remains of other goods found at the site in Oman, and would therefore provide no direct support for the scholars’ claim about the board game.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3d91c973",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Mosasaurs were large marine reptiles that lived in the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million to 66 million years ago. Celina Suarez, Alberto Pérez-Huerta, and T. Lynn Harrell Jr. examined oxygen-18 isotopes in mosasaur tooth enamel in order to calculate likely mosasaur body temperatures and determined that mosasaurs were endothermic—that is, they used internal metabolic processes to maintain a stable body temperature in a variety of ambient temperatures. Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell claim that endothermy would have enabled mosasaurs to include relatively cold polar waters in their range.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Mosasaurs’ likely body temperatures are easier to determine from tooth enamel oxygen-18 isotope data than the body temperatures of nonendothermic Late Cretaceous marine reptiles are.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Fossils of both mosasaurs and nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in roughly equal numbers in regions known to be near the poles during the Late Cretaceous, though in lower concentrations than elsewhere.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Several mosasaur fossils have been found in regions known to be near the poles during the Late Cretaceous, while relatively few fossils of nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in those locations.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "During the Late Cretaceous, seawater temperatures were likely higher throughout mosasaurs’ range, including near the poles, than seawater temperatures at those same latitudes are today.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents the finding that, if true, would best support Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell’s claim about mosasaurs. The text states that Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell’s research on mosasaur tooth enamel led them to conclude that mosasaurs were endothermic, which means that they could live in waters at many different temperatures and still maintain a stable body temperature. The researchers claim that endothermy enabled mosasaurs to live in relatively cold waters near the poles. If several mosasaur fossils have been found in areas that were near the poles during the period when mosasaurs were alive and fossils of nonendothermic marine reptiles are rare in such locations, that would support the researchers’ claim: it would show that mosasaurs inhabited polar waters but nonendothermic marine mammals tended not to, suggesting that endothermy may have been the characteristic that enabled mosasaurs to include polar waters in their range. <br>Choice A is incorrect because finding that it’s easier to determine mosasaur body temperatures from tooth enamel data than it is to determine nonendothermic reptile body temperatures wouldn’t support the researchers’ claim. Whether one research process is more difficult than another indicates nothing about the results of those processes and therefore is irrelevant to the issue of where mosasaurs lived and what enabled them to live in those locations. <br> Choice B is incorrect because finding roughly equal numbers of mosasaur and nonendothermic marine reptile fossils in areas that were near the poles in the Late Cretaceous would suggest that endothermy didn’t give mosasaurs any particular advantage when it came to expanding their range to include relatively cold polar waters, thereby weakening the researchers’ claim rather than supporting it. Choice D is incorrect because finding that the temperature of seawater in the Late Cretaceous was warmer than seawater today wouldn’t weaken the researchers’ claim. Seawater in the Late Cretaceous could have been warmer than seawater today but still cold enough for endothermy to be advantageous to mosasaurs, so this finding wouldn’t provide enough information to either support or weaken the researchers’ claim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3f4ab688",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In a research paper, a student criticizes some historians of modern African politics, claiming that they have evaluated Patrice Lumumba, the first prime minister of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, primarily as a symbol rather than in terms of his actions.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a work by a historian would best illustrate the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Lumumba is a difficult figure to evaluate due to the starkly conflicting opinions he inspired during his life and continues to inspire today.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“The available information makes it clear that Lumumba’s political beliefs and values were largely consistent throughout his career.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Lumumba’s practical accomplishments can be passed over quickly; it is mainly as the personification of Congolese independence that he warrants scholarly attention.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Many questions remain about Lumumba’s ultimate vision for an independent Congo; without new evidence coming to light, these questions are likely to remain unanswered.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it illustrates the student’s claim about some historians viewing Lumumba primarily as a symbol. This quotation argues that Lumumba “warrants” (or deserves) “scholarly attention” as a symbol and not for his “practical accomplishments”—that is, his actions as prime minister—which “can be passed over quickly,” or dismissed as being of comparatively little importance. Thus, the quotation expresses the view that the student criticizes some historians for holding. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although this quotation touches on the difficulty of evaluating Lumumba’s legacy, it doesn’t address how historians of modern African politics view him as a symbol. Choice B is incorrect. While this quotation mentions Lumumba’s political beliefs, it doesn’t discuss historians viewing him as a symbol. Choice D is incorrect. This quotation touches on Lumumba’s vision for his country, but it doesn’t discuss historians viewing him as a symbol.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "3fc06a91",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      '<p><strong>Employment by Sector in France and the United States, 1800–2012 (% of total employment)</strong></p><table class="sat-table"><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Agriculture in France</th><th>Manufacturing in France</th><th>Services in France</th><th>Agriculture in US</th><th>Manufacturing in US</th><th>Services in US</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1800</td><td>64</td><td>22</td><td>14</td><td>68</td><td>18</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>1900</td><td>43</td><td>29</td><td>28</td><td>41</td><td>28</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>1950</td><td>32</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>14</td><td>33</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>3</td><td>21</td><td>76</td><td>2</td><td>18</td><td>80</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Rows in table may not add up to 100 due to rounding.</p><p>Over the past two hundred years, the percentage of the population employed in the agricultural sector has declined in both France and the United States, while employment in the service sector (which includes jobs in retail, consulting, real estate, etc.) has risen. However, this transition happened at very different rates in the two countries. This can be seen most clearly by comparing the employment by sector in both countries in ______blank</p>',
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "1900 with the employment by sector in 1950." },
      { label: "B", text: "1800 with the employment by sector in 2012." },
      { label: "C", text: "1900 with the employment by sector in 2012." },
      { label: "D", text: "1800 with the employment by sector in 1900." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents data from the table that most effectively complete the statement about the rates at which employment shifted in France and the United States. The text states that over the last two hundred years employment in the agricultural sector has declined while employment in the service sector has risen in both France and the US, and the data from the table reflect these trends. The text asserts, however, that the transition from agriculture to services “happened at very different rates in the two countries.” This assertion is best supported by a comparison of data from 1900 and 1950: the table shows that in those years, employment in agriculture went from 43% to 32% in France (a decline of 11 percentage points) and from 41% to 14% in the US (a decline of 27 percentage points), and that employment in services went from 28% to 35% in France (an increase of 7 percentage points) and from 31% to 53% in the US (an increase of 22 percentage points). In other words, the rate of change was greater in the US than in France for both sectors. <br>Choice B is incorrect because comparing the data for 1800 and 2012 would suggest a similar rate of change in the two countries, not very different rates: employment in agriculture went from 64% in 1800 to 3% in 2012 in France, which is close to the change from 68% in 1800 to 2% in 2012 in the US, while employment in services went from 14% in 1800 to 76% in 2012 in France, which is close to the change from 13% in 1800 to 80% in 2012 in the US. Choice C is incorrect because comparing the data for 1900 and 2012 would suggest a similar rate of change in the two countries rather than very different rates: employment in agriculture went from 43% in 1900 to 3% in 2012 in France, which is close to the change from 41% in 1900 to 2% in 2012 in the US, while employment in services went from 28% in 1900 to 76% in 2012 in France, which is close to the change from 31% in 1900 to 80% in 2012 in the US. Choice D is incorrect because comparing the data for 1800 and 1900 would suggest a similar rate of change in the two countries, not very different rates: employment in agriculture went from 64% in 1800 to 43% in 1900 in France, which is fairly close to the change from 68% in 1800 to 41% in 1900 in the US, while employment in services went from 14% in 1800 to 28% in 1900 in France, which is close to the change from 13% in 1800 to 31% in 1900 in the US.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "403fb4e4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>cereals<br>root crops<br>non–root vegetables<br><br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows:<br><br>north Ondo:<br><br>cereals: 30.4%<br>root crops: 16.73%<br>non–root vegetables: 58.69%<br><br>central Ondo:<br><br>cereals: 36.9%<br>root crops: 19.93%<br>non–root vegetables: 45.1%<br><br>south Ondo:<br><br>cereals: 35.9%<br>root crops: 18.78%<br>non–root vegetables: 53.27%<br><br>Geographer Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin and his colleagues surveyed small-scale farmers in three locations in Ondo State, Nigeria—which has mountainous terrain in the north, an urbanized center, and coastal terrain in the south—to learn more about their practices, like the types of crops they mainly cultivated. In some regions, female farmers were found to be especially prominent in the cultivation of specific types of crops and even constituted the majority of farmers who cultivated those crops; for instance, ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "most of the farmers who mainly cultivated cereals and most of the farmers who mainly cultivated non–root vegetables in south Ondo were women.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "more women in central Ondo mainly cultivated root crops than mainly cultivated cereals.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "most of the farmers who mainly cultivated non–root vegetables in north and south Ondo were women.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "a relatively equal proportion of women across the three regions of Ondo mainly cultivated cereals.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it uses data from the graph to effectively complete the example of Eludoyin and his colleagues’ findings concerning female farmers in some regions of Ondo State, Nigeria. The graph presents values for the percentage of Ondo State small-scale farmers who are female, by type of crop and region. The graph shows that of the farmers mainly cultivating non-root vegetables, approximately 57% in north Ondo and approximately 54% in south Ondo are female; in other words, most of those farmers are female, which exemplifies the idea that female farmers make up the majority (more than half) of the farmers cultivating specific types of crops in some regions. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it inaccurately cites data from the graph: the graph shows that in south Ondo, most of the farmers mainly cultivating non-root vegetables are women (approximately 54%), but that only about 35% (less than half) of the farmers mainly cultivating cereals are women. Choice B is incorrect because it inaccurately cites data from the graph: the graph shows that more women in central Ondo mainly cultivate cereals than mainly cultivate root crops (approximately 36% and 20%, respectively). Additionally, it doesn’t effectively complete the example because the graph shows that female farmers don’t make up the majority (more than half) of the farmers for any type of crop in central Ondo. Choice D is incorrect because it doesn’t effectively complete the example; it simply states that a relatively equal proportion of women across the three regions mainly cultivate cereals, which doesn’t address the value for that proportion and thus doesn’t show that a majority (more than half) of the farmers cultivating certain crops are female.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/403fb4e4_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "4fc9a13a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>The novelist Toni Morrison was the first Black woman to work as an editor at the publishing company Random House, from 1967 to 1983. A scholar asserts that one of Morrison’s likely aims during her time as an editor was to strengthen the presence of Black writers on the list of Random House’s published authors.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the scholar’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The percentage of authors published by Random House who were Black rose in the early 1970s and stabilized throughout the decade.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Black authors who were interviewed in the 1980s and 1990s were highly likely to cite Toni Morrison’s novels as a principal influence on their work.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The novels written by Toni Morrison that were published after 1983 sold significantly more copies and received wider critical acclaim than the novels she wrote that were published before 1983.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Works that were edited by Toni Morrison during her time at Random House displayed stylistic characteristics that distinguished them from works that were not edited by Morrison.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support the scholar’s claim about Toni Morrison’s likely goal of strengthening the presence of Black writers on Random House’s list of published authors. The text explains that Morrison was the first Black woman to be an editor for Random House and that she was an editor there from 1967 to 1983. If it were true that Random House published a higher percentage of works by Black authors throughout the 1970s—during most of Morrison’s time working there—than it had previously published, that would suggest that Morrison may have made a deliberate effort to strengthen the presence of Black authors on the list of Random House’s published authors, thus supporting the scholar’s claim. <br>Choice B is incorrect because the scholar’s claim is about Morrison’s work as an editor at a publishing company and her likely effort to strengthen the presence of Black writers on that company’s list of published authors. It might be true that Black authors interviewed in the 1980s and 1990s often cited Morrison’s novels as an influence on their work, but that finding would simply suggest something about how those authors approached their work; it wouldn’t show that Morrison intended to increase the number of Black writers among the published authors specifically at Random House. Choice C is incorrect because the scholar’s claim is about Morrison’s work as an editor at a publishing company, not about her work as a novelist. Therefore, a finding that Morrison’s novels published after 1983 sold more copies and were more widely acclaimed than her earlier novels would have no bearing on the claim that as an editor Morrison made an effort to ensure that more Black writers were present on Random House’s list of published authors. Choice D is incorrect. Although the text discusses Morrison’s work as an editor at Random House, the scholar’s claim focuses on Morrison’s likely effort in that role to increase the number of Black writers present on Random House’s list of published authors, not on the influence she may have had on the content of the works she edited. Without knowing whether Morrison’s stylistic influence led to more publications or if Morrison applied her influence specifically to works by Black writers, the finding that works edited by Morrison could be identified by stylistic characteristics would have no bearing on the claim that Morrison intended to strengthen the presence of Black writers among the published authors at Random House.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "53c6c179",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>A sociology student is reading an essay on the median age of first marriage in Western countries throughout the twentieth century. The author of the essay cites factors common to these countries that the author believes caused an increase in the median age of first marriage, such as new technologies that shortened the time needed for domestic chores, making two-person households less necessary and living alone more viable. The student asserts that beyond these factors there must be additional ones specific to particular Western countries that influenced the increase of age at first marriage.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph that support the student’s assertion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Between 1970 and 2000, the median age of first marriage rose more sharply for men in England and Wales than it did for men in the United States.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In England and Wales, the median age of first marriage was consistently higher for men than for women between 1900 and 2000, but this was not always the case in the United States.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The median age of first marriage for men in England and Wales was lower in 1970 than in 1950 or 1990.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Between 1900 and 2000, the median age of first marriage for women in England and Wales was consistently higher than for women in the United States, as was the case for men.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The student concluded that country-specific factors influence changes to median age of first marriage. This choice describes a time period when the rate of change differed between countries, suggesting that country-specific factors may have played a role in these changes. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice misreads the graph. The median age of first marriage was consistently higher for men than for women in the United States during the time period depicted. Choice C is incorrect. The student concluded that country-specific factors influence changes to median age of first marriage. However, this choice doesn’t provide any contrasts between countries and thus doesn’t support the idea of country-specific factors influencing median age of first marriage. Choice D is incorrect. The students’ conclusion is about changes that occurred during the 20th century. This choice provides broad information about the century as a whole, so it doesn’t give insight into how median age at first marriage changed over time.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/53c6c179_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "55df0275",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Ablation Rates for Three Elements in Cosmic Dust, by Dust Source<br>ElementSPCASTHTCOCCiron20%28%90%98%potassium44%74%97%100%sodium45%75%99%100%<br>Earth’s atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic dust originating from several sources: short-period comets (SPCs), particles from the asteroid belt (ASTs), Halley-type comets (HTCs), and Oort cloud comets (OCCs). Some of the dust’s material vaporizes in the atmosphere in a process called ablation, and the faster the particles move, the higher the rate of ablation. Astrophysicist Juan Diego Carrillo-Sánchez led a team that calculated average ablation rates for elements in the dust (such as iron and potassium) and showed that material in slower-moving SPC or AST dust has a lower rate than the same material in faster-moving HTC or OCC dust. For example, whereas the average ablation rate for iron from AST dust is 28%, the average rate for ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      { label: "A", text: "iron from SPC dust is 20%." },
      { label: "B", text: "sodium from OCC dust is 100%." },
      { label: "C", text: "iron from HTC dust is 90%." },
      { label: "D", text: "sodium from AST dust is 75%." },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively completes the example regarding the ablation rate of iron. The table shows the ablation rates for three elements—iron, potassium, and sodium—found in cosmic dust that comes from one of four sources. The text says that the ablation rate for a given element in slower-moving SPC and AST dust was lower than the ablation rate for that same element in faster-moving HTC or OCC dust. The text then presents the first part of an example of this pattern, describing an ablation rate of 28% for iron in AST dust. The information that iron from HTC dust had an ablation rate of 90% is therefore the most effective way to complete this example—the comparison of a relatively low ablation rate for iron in slower-moving AST dust with a relatively high ablation rate for iron in faster-moving HTC dust illustrates the tendency of ablation rates for a given element to be lower in slower-moving dust than in faster-moving dust. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that SPC dust, like AST dust, moves relatively slowly; a comparison of the ablation rates of iron from two slower-moving dust sources could not be an example of the difference between ablation rates in slower-moving dust and faster-moving dust, which is the pattern that the example is supposed to illustrate. Choice B is incorrect because the example in the text is supposed to illustrate the difference in the ablation rates of the same element from slower-moving dust and faster-moving dust, and the first part of the example provides data about the ablation rate of iron, which means the second part of the example must also be about the ablation rate of iron, not the ablation rate of sodium. Choice D is incorrect because the example in the text is supposed to illustrate the difference in the ablation rates of the same element from slower-moving dust and faster-moving dust, and the first part of the example provides data about the ablation rate of iron, which means the second part of the example must also be about the ablation rate of iron, not the ablation rate of sodium. Additionally, any ablation rate from AST dust would be ineffective in this example since AST dust is referenced in the first part of the example and thus additional data focused on AST dust would not illustrate a variation across dust types.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "56f477fb",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Distribution of Ecosystem Services Affected by Invasive Species by Service Type<br>Region (Overall)Provisioning (75%)Regulating (21%)Cultural (4%)West73%27%0%North88%12%0%South79%14%7%East83%6%11%Central33%67%0%<br>To assess the impact of invasive species on ecosystems in Africa, Benis N. Egoh and colleagues reviewed government reports from those nations about how invasive species are undermining ecosystem services (aspects of the ecosystem on which residents depend). The services were sorted into three categories: provisioning (material resources from the ecosystem), regulating (natural processes such as cleaning the air or water), and cultural (nonmaterial benefits of ecosystems). Egoh and her team assert that countries in each region reported effects on provisioning services and that provisioning services represent the majority of the reported services.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support Egoh and colleagues’ assertion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Provisioning services represent 73% of the services reported for the West region and 33% of those for the Central region, but they represent 75% of the services reported overall.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "None of the percentages shown for provisioning services are lower than 33%, and the overall percentage shown for provisioning services is 75%.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Provisioning services are shown for each region, while no cultural services are shown for some regions.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The greatest percentage shown for provisioning services is 88% for the North region, and the least shown for provisioning services is 33% for the Central region.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The finding that all the regions reported at least some effects on provisioning services supports the first part of the assertion. And the fact that provisioning services comprise 75% of the reported services overall supports the second part of the assertion. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t fully support the assertion. It doesn’t include the finding that all the regions (not just Central and West) reported at least some effects on provisioning services. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t fully support the assertion. It doesn’t demonstrate that provisioning services represent the majority of the reported services overall. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t fully support the assertion. It doesn’t demonstrate that provisioning services represent the majority of the reported services overall.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5b74feb9",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Political scientists who favor the traditional view of voter behavior claim that voting in an election does not change a voter’s attitude toward the candidates in that election. Focusing on each US presidential election from 1976 to 1996, Ebonya Washington and Sendhil Mullainathan tested this claim by distinguishing between subjects who had just become old enough to vote (around half of whom actually voted) and otherwise similar subjects who were slightly too young to vote (and thus none of whom voted). Washington and Mullainathan compared the attitudes of the groups of subjects toward the winning candidate two years after each election.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from Washington and Mullainathan’s study, if true, would most directly weaken the claim made by people who favor the traditional view of voter behavior?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Subjects’ attitudes toward the winning candidate two years after a given election were strongly predicted by subjects’ general political orientation, regardless of whether subjects were old enough to vote at the time of the election.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Subjects who were not old enough to vote in a given election held significantly more positive attitudes towards the winning candidate two years later than they held at the time of the election.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Subjects who voted in a given election held significantly more polarized attitudes toward the winning candidate two years later than did subjects who were not old enough to vote in that election.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Two years after a given election, subjects who voted and subjects who were not old enough to vote were significantly more likely to express negative attitudes than positive attitudes toward the winning candidate in that election.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would weaken the claim made by people who favor the traditional view of voter behavior. According to the text, people who favor that view believe that voting in an election doesn’t change a voter’s attitude toward the candidates in that election. If Washington and Mullainathan found that two years after an election, attitudes toward the winning candidate were significantly more polarized among subjects who had voted than among subjects who had been too young to vote, that would suggest that the act of voting did have an effect on the voters’ attitudes toward the candidates, which would undermine the claim that voting doesn’t change voters’ attitudes. <br>Choice A is incorrect because a finding about links between subjects’ attitudes and general political orientation, regardless of age and ability to vote, wouldn’t address the presence or absence of changes in attitudes among those subjects who did actually vote. Therefore, the finding wouldn’t have any bearing on the claim that voting in an election doesn’t change a voter’s attitude toward the candidates in that election. Choice B is incorrect because a finding that positive attitudes toward a winning candidate significantly increased in the two years after the election among subjects who had been too young to vote would involve only people who didn’t vote; therefore, the finding wouldn’t have any bearing on the claim that when people do vote, the act of voting doesn’t change their attitudes toward the candidates. Choice D is incorrect because the finding that subjects in both groups were more likely to have negative attitudes than positive attitudes toward the winning candidate two years after an election would reflect all subjects’ attitudes at one particular time whether they voted or not, rather than the presence or absence of a change in voters’ attitudes after voting. Therefore, the finding would neither weaken nor strengthen the claim that voting in an election doesn’t change a voter’s attitude toward the candidates.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5cf5c0d3",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Credited Film Output of James Young Deer, Dark Cloud, Edwin Carewe, and Lillian St. Cyr<br>IndividualYears activeNumber of films known and commonly creditedJames Young Deer1909–192433 (actor), 35 (director), 10 (writer)Dark Cloud1910–192035 (actor), 1 (writer)Edwin Carewe1912–193447 (actor), 58 (director), 20 (producer), 4 (writer)Lillian St. Cyr (Red Wing)1908–192166 (actor)<br>Some researchers studying Indigenous actors and filmmakers in the United States have turned their attention to the early days of cinema, particularly the 1910s and 1920s, when people like James Young Deer, Dark Cloud, Edwin Carewe, and Lillian St. Cyr (known professionally as Red Wing) were involved in one way or another with numerous films. In fact, so many films and associated records for this era have been lost that counts of those four figures’ output should be taken as bare minimums rather than totals; it’s entirely possible, for example, that ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Dark Cloud acted in significantly fewer films than did Lillian St. Cyr, who is credited with 66 performances.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Edwin Carewe’s 47 credited acting roles includes only films made after 1934.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Lillian St. Cyr acted in far more than 66 films and Edwin Carewe directed more than 58.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "James Young Deer actually directed 33 films and acted in only 10.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it uses data from the table to effectively exemplify the idea that the film outputs of the four individuals included in the table should be considered bare minimums—that is, that we should assume that the individuals actually had higher outputs than those recorded. The table presents the years during which the individuals were active and the number of known films the individuals are credited in. The table indicates that Lillian St. Cyr has 66 film credits as an actor and that Edwin Carewe has 58 film credits as a director; it follows that if some films and records for the era were lost, it’s possible that Lillian St. Cyr acted in far more than 66 films and that Edwin Carewe directed more than 58 films. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it doesn’t effectively exemplify the idea that the film outputs of the four individuals included in the table should be considered bare minimums. Rather than addressing the idea that the individuals likely had higher outputs than those presented in the table, this choice simply compares data from the table to make the point that Dark Cloud has fewer credited acting roles than Lillian St. Cyr (35 and 66, respectively). Choice B is incorrect because it misrepresents data from the table, even though it may exemplify the idea that the film outputs of the four individuals included in the table should be considered bare minimums by implying that Edwin Carewe acted in more than 47 films. The table indicates that Edwin Carewe was active from 1912 to 1934, meaning that his 47 credited acting roles were in films made before or during 1934, not after that time. Choice D is incorrect because it doesn’t effectively exemplify the idea that the film outputs of the four individuals included in the table should be considered bare minimums. Instead of addressing the idea that the individuals likely had higher outputs than those recorded, this choice suggests that James Young Deer actually acted in and directed fewer films than presented in the table (only 33 known films as a director instead of 35, and only 10 known films as an actor instead of 33).",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "5d122d45",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Psychologists Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt have argued that experiencing awe—a sensation of reverence and wonder typically brought on by perceiving something grand or powerful—can enable us to feel more connected to others and thereby inspire us to act more altruistically. Keltner, along with Paul K. Piff, Pia Dietze, and colleagues, claims to have found evidence for this effect in a recent study where participants were asked to either gaze up at exceptionally tall trees in a nearby grove (reported to be a universally awe-inspiring experience) or stare at the exterior of a nearby, nondescript building. After one minute, an experimenter deliberately spilled a box of pens nearby.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from the researchers’ study, if true, would most strongly support their claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Participants who had been looking at the trees helped the experimenter pick up significantly more pens than did participants who had been looking at the building.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Participants who helped the experimenter pick up the pens used a greater number of positive words to describe the trees and the building in a postexperiment survey than did participants who did not help the experimenter.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Participants who did not help the experimenter pick up the pens were significantly more likely to report having experienced a feeling of awe, regardless of whether they looked at the building or the trees.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Participants who had been looking at the building were significantly more likely to notice that the experimenter had dropped the pens than were participants who had been looking at the trees.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most strongly support the researchers’ claim that they found evidence that experiencing awe can make people feel more connected to others and thus more likely to behave altruistically (with beneficial and unselfish concern for others). According to the text, the researchers tested for this effect by first having participants look at either something known to be awe-inspiring (very tall trees) or something ordinary (a plain building) and then purposely spilling pens near the participants. The finding that participants who had looked at the trees helped pick up significantly more pens than did participants who had looked at the building would support the researchers’ claim by demonstrating that the people who had experienced awe behaved more altruistically when the experimenter needed help than the other participants did. <br>Choice B is incorrect because a finding about helpful participants using positive words to describe the trees and the building after the experiment was over wouldn’t have any bearing on the researchers’ claim that experiencing awe increases altruistic behavior. The text doesn’t address the use of positive words to describe things or suggest any connection between using such words and having experienced awe, so that behavior wouldn’t serve as evidence that experiencing awe played a role in promoting helpful behavior. Choice C is incorrect because a finding that participants who didn’t help the experimenter were significantly more likely than others to report having experienced awe whether they had looked at the building or the trees would weaken the researchers’ claim that experiencing awe increases altruistic behavior by suggesting that the opposite might be true—that experiencing awe is in fact linked to choosing not to act in a way that benefits someone else. Choice D is incorrect because a finding about participants noticing that the experimenter had dropped the pens wouldn’t have any bearing on the researchers’ claim about people behaving altruistically. Being aware of a challenge or problem isn’t necessarily beneficial on its own and isn’t the same as offering help, so the finding wouldn’t support the idea that experiencing awe increases altruistic behavior.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "63e7799d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In vertical inheritance, parents pass genes to their offspring, but in horizontal transfer (HT), one species, often bacteria, passes genetic material to an unrelated species. In a 2022 study, herpetologist Atsushi Kurabayashi and his team investigated HT in multicellular organisms—namely, snakes and frogs in Madagascar. The team detected BovB—a gene transmitted vertically in snakes—in many frog species. The apparent direction of gene transfer seems counterintuitive because frogs usually don’t survive encounters with snakes and so wouldn’t be able to transmit the newly acquired gene to offspring, but the team concluded that BovB is indeed transmitted from snakes to frogs, either directly or indirectly, via HT.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "BovB can be transmitted across frog species through HT.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Parasites known to feed on species of snakes and frogs in which the BovB gene occurs also carry BovB.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "BovB cannot be reliably transmitted from a snake species to bacteria that are usually encountered by frog species.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Frog species with BovB show few discernible advantages as compared with frog species that do not carry BovB.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. If there are parasites that feed on both snakes and frogs, they could carry BovB from snakes to frogs. HT could occur “indirectly” through those encounters, which frogs are more likely to survive than snake encounters. <br>Choice A is incorrect. The team’s conclusion specifically argues that BovB is transmitted from snakes to frogs via HT, and this choice doesn’t mention snakes. Choice C is incorrect. The team argues that BovB is transmitted from snakes to frogs via HT, and this answer choice discusses a scenario in which the gene is not transmitted. Choice D is incorrect. Whether or not frog species with BovB are advantaged isn’t relevant to the team’s conclusion about how the gene is transmitted.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "645fd11a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>managers<br>department leaders<br><br>All values are approximate.<br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows:<br><br>1991–1995:<br><br>managers: 2<br>department leaders: 3.2<br><br>1996–2001:<br><br>managers: 2.5<br>department leaders: 4<br><br>2001–2008:<br><br>managers: 3<br>department leaders: 6.9<br><br>Considering a large sample of companies, economics experts Maria Guadalupe, Julie Wulf, and Raghuram Rajan assessed the number of managers and leaders from different departments who reported directly to a chief executive officer (CEO). According to the researchers, the findings suggest that across the years analyzed, there was a growing interest among CEOs in connecting with more departments in their companies.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The average numbers of managers and department leaders reporting directly to their CEO didn’t fluctuate from the 1991–1995 period to the 2001–2008 period.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The average number of managers reporting directly to their CEO was highest in the 1996–2001 period.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The average number of department leaders reporting directly to their CEO was greater than the average number of managers reporting directly to their CEO in each of the three periods studied.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The average number of department leaders reporting directly to their CEO rose over the three periods studied.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it describes data from the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion that there is a growing interest among CEOs in connecting with more departments in their companies. The graph shows the average number of individuals reporting directly to CEOs during three different time periods: the individuals are divided into managers and department leaders. The average number of department leaders directly reporting to their CEO during the 1991–1995 period was slightly more than three, during the 1996–2001 period it was four, and during the 2001–2008 period it was almost seven. Thus, the average number of department leaders reporting directly to their CEO rose over the three periods studied, which suggests that CEOs were connecting with more departments. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the average number of managers and department leaders reporting directly to their CEO rose for both categories between the 1991–1995 and 2001–2008 periods; thus, it isn’t true that the average numbers didn’t fluctuate. Choice B is incorrect because the average number of managers reporting directly to their CEO was highest in the 2001–2008 period, not in the 1996–2001 period. Choice C is incorrect. Although it correctly describes a feature of the graph, the observation that more department leaders than managers are reporting to CEOs does not by itself address the question of whether CEOs are connecting with more departments over time—to address that question, one needs to know whether the number of department leaders reporting to CEOs is increasing over time.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/645fd11a_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "6536183b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In the mountains of Brazil, Barbacenia tomentosa and Barbacenia macrantha—two plants in the Velloziaceae family—establish themselves on soilless, nutrient-poor patches of quartzite rock. Plant ecologists Anna Abrahão and Patricia de Britto Costa used microscopic analysis to determine that the roots of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha, which grow directly into the quartzite, have clusters of fine hairs near the root tip; further analysis indicated that these hairs secrete both malic and citric acids. The researchers hypothesize that the plants depend on dissolving underlying rock with these acids, as the process not only creates channels for continued growth but also releases phosphates that provide the vital nutrient phosphorus.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Other species in the Velloziaceae family are found in terrains with more soil but have root structures similar to those of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Though B. tomentosa and B. macrantha both secrete citric and malic acids, each species produces the acids in different proportions.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The roots of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha carve new entry points into rocks even when cracks in the surface are readily available.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "B. tomentosa and B. macrantha thrive even when transferred to the surfaces of rocks that do not contain phosphates.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support the researchers’ hypothesis about the plants’ dependence on dissolving rock. The text indicates that the roots of the two plant species grow directly into quartzite rock, where hairs on the roots secrete acids that dissolve the rock. The researchers hypothesize that the plants depend on this process because dissolving rock opens spaces for the roots to grow and releases phosphates that provide the plants with phosphorous, a vital nutrient. If the plants carry out this process of dissolving rock even when the rock already has spaces into which the roots could grow, that would support the researchers’ hypothesis because it suggests that the plants are getting some advantage—such as access to phosphorous—from the action of dissolving rock. If the plants don’t benefit from dissolving rock, they would be expected to grow in the cracks that already exist, as doing so would mean that the plants don’t have to spend energy creating and secreting acids; if, however, the plants create new entry points by dissolving rock even when cracks already exist, that would support the hypothesis that they depend on dissolving rock for some benefit. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the existence of soil-inhabiting members of the Velloziaceae family with similar root structures to those of the two species discussed in the text wouldn’t support the researchers’ hypothesis that the species discussed in the text depend on dissolving rock. If other such members exist, that might suggest that the root structures can serve more functions than secreting acids to dissolve rock (since dissolving rock may not be necessary for plants living in soil), but that wouldn’t suggest anything about whether the species discussed in the text benefit from dissolving rock. Choice B is incorrect because differences in the proportions of citric and malic acid secreted by the two species would be irrelevant to the hypothesis that the plants depend on dissolving rock. There’s no information in the text to suggest that the proportion of each acid has any bearing on the process of dissolving rock or on any benefits the plants might receive from that process. Choice D is incorrect because if the two species thrive on rocks without phosphates, that would weaken the researchers’ hypothesis that the plants depend on dissolving rock partly because dissolving rock gives them access to phosphates. If the plants can survive on rocks without getting a vital nutrient by dissolving those rocks, then either the nutrient isn’t actually vital for those plants or they can get the nutrient in some way other than by dissolving rocks.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "6a6bbac3",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Number and Origin of Clamshell Tools Found at Different Levels Below the Surface in Neanderthal Cave<br>Depth of tools found below surface in cave (meters)Clamshells that Neanderthals collected from the beachClamshells that Neanderthals harvested from the seafloor3–499336–7104–5202–3705–6187<br>Studying tools unearthed at a cave site on the western coast of Italy, archaeologist Paola Villa and colleagues have determined that prehistoric Neanderthal groups fashioned them from shells of clams that they harvested from the seafloor while wading or diving or that washed up on the beach. Clamshells become thin and eroded as they wash up on the beach, while those on the seafloor are smooth and sturdy, so the research team suspects that Neanderthals prized the tools made with seafloor shells. However, the team also concluded that those tools were likely more challenging to obtain, noting that ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the research team’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests that shells were easier to collect from the beach than to harvest from the seafloor.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "the highest number of tools were at a depth of 3–4 meters below the surface, which suggests that the Neanderthal population at the site was highest during the related period of time.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests that Neanderthals preferred to use clamshells from the beach because of their durability.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "the higher number of tools at depths of 5–6 meters below the surface in the cave than at depths of 4–5 meters below the surface suggests that the size of clam populations changed over time.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to support the researchers’ conclusion about the harvesting of clamshells by Neanderthals for use as tools. The text explains that Neanderthals used clamshells to make tools and that the sturdiest, and therefore the most desirable, shells for this purpose are found on the seafloor, not on the beach. However, the researchers also concluded that the clamshell tools made from shells from the seafloor are rarer than those made from shells from the beach. Meanwhile the table shows that at each depth, the number of tools made from shells from the beach exceeds the number made from the more desirable shells from the seafloor. The fact that the more desirable shells are less common suggests that it was significantly more difficult to harvest shells from the seafloor than from the beach. <br>Choice B is incorrect because knowing which depth represents the period of time with the highest Neanderthal population does not help answer the question of why the Neanderthals consistently made more tools from the less desirable shells from the beach than they made from the more desirable shells from the seafloor. Choice C is incorrect because it claims that the beach shells are more durable than the seafloor shells, which contradicts the text’s description of shells from the seafloor as smoother and sturdier than shells from the beach. Choice D is incorrect because knowing which depth has the most artifacts or whether the clam population fluctuated does not help explain why tools made from the less desirable shells from the beach outnumber tools made from the more desirable shells from the seafloor.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "702eb7e3",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy<br>Trade policy<br>General economic policy<br><br>The data for the 6 categories are as follows:<br><br>2005:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy: 98<br>Trade policy: 160<br>General economic policy: 90<br><br>2006:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy: 65<br>Trade policy: 105<br>General economic policy: 72<br><br>2007:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy: 61<br>Trade policy: 75<br>General economic policy: 77<br><br>2008:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy: 90<br>Trade policy: 71<br>General economic policy: 73<br><br>2009:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy: 76<br>Trade policy: 70<br>General economic policy: 81<br><br>2010:<br><br>Tax and public spending policy: 165<br>Trade policy: 71<br>General economic policy: 118<br><br>High levels of public uncertainty about which economic policies a country will adopt can make planning difficult for businesses, but measures of such uncertainty have not tended to be very detailed. Recently, however, economist Sandile Hlatshwayo analyzed trends in news reports to derive measures not only for general economic policy uncertainty but also for uncertainty related to specific areas of economic policy, like tax or trade policy. One revelation of her work is that a general measure may not fully reflect uncertainty about specific areas of policy, as in the case of the United Kingdom, where general economic policy uncertainty ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to illustrate the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "aligned closely with uncertainty about tax and public spending policy in 2005 but differed from uncertainty about tax and public spending policy by a large amount in 2009.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "was substantially lower than uncertainty about tax and public spending policy each year from 2005 to 2010.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "reached its highest level between 2005 and 2010 in the same year that uncertainty about trade policy and tax and public spending policy reached their lowest levels.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "was substantially lower than uncertainty about trade policy in 2005 and substantially higher than uncertainty about trade policy in 2010.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it uses data from the graph to effectively illustrate the text’s claim about general economic policy uncertainty in the United Kingdom. The graph presents values for economic policy uncertainty in tax and public spending policy, trade policy, and general economic policy in the UK from 2005 to 2010. The graph shows that in 2005, the value for general economic policy uncertainty (approximately 90) was substantially lower than the value for uncertainty about trade policy specifically (approximately 160). It also shows that in 2010, the value for general economic policy uncertainty (approximately 120) was substantially higher than the value for uncertainty about trade policy (approximately 70). The substantial differences between these values in 2005 and 2010 support the claim that a general measure may not fully reflect uncertainty about specific areas of policy. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the graph shows that the level of general economic policy uncertainty was similar to the level of uncertainty about tax and public spending policy in both 2005 (with values of approximately 90 and 100, respectively) and 2009 (with values of approximately 80 and 75, respectively). Choice B is incorrect because the graph shows that general economic policy uncertainty was higher than uncertainty about tax and public spending policy in 2006, 2007, and 2009, not that it was lower each year from 2005 to 2010. Choice C is incorrect because the graph shows that general economic policy uncertainty reached its highest level in 2010, which was when uncertainty about tax and public spending policy also reached its highest level, not its lowest level.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/702eb7e3_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "71904085",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Linguist Deborah Tannen has cautioned against framing contentious issues in terms of two highly competitive perspectives, such as pro versus con. According to Tannen, this debate-driven approach can strip issues of their complexity and, when used in front of an audience, can be less informative than the presentation of multiple perspectives in a noncompetitive format. To test Tannen’s hypothesis, students conducted a study in which they showed participants one of three different versions of local news commentary about the same issue. Each version featured a debate between two commentators with opposing views, a panel of three commentators with various views, or a single commentator.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from the students’ study, if true, would most strongly support Tannen’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "On average, participants perceived commentators in the debate as more knowledgeable about the issue than commentators in the panel.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "On average, participants perceived commentators in the panel as more knowledgeable about the issue than the single commentator.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "On average, participants who watched the panel correctly answered more questions about the issue than those who watched the debate or the single commentator did.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "On average, participants who watched the single commentator correctly answered more questions about the issue than those who watched the debate did.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents the finding that, if true, would most strongly support Tannen’s hypothesis. According to the text, Tannen’s hypothesis is that multiple perspectives presented in a noncompetitive format is more informative than a debate between opposing viewpoints is. If participants who saw a panel of three commentators with various views about an issue answered more questions about the issue correctly than did participants who saw a debate, that would support Tannen’s hypothesis since it would show that participants who heard multiple varied perspectives were better informed than were participants who heard a debate between opposing viewpoints.<br>Choice A is incorrect because finding that participants perceived commentators in the debate as more knowledgeable than commentators in the panel is irrelevant to Tannen’s hypothesis, which is that presenting multiple perspectives on an issue is more informative to the audience than presenting opposing views of the issue is. Participants’ perception of how knowledgeable panelists are has no bearing on how much participants learn from the panelists. Choice B is incorrect because finding that participants perceived commentators in the panel as more knowledgeable than a single commentator is irrelevant to Tannen’s hypothesis, which is that presenting multiple perspectives on an issue is more informative to the audience than presenting opposing views of the issue is. Participants’ perception of how knowledgeable panelists are has no bearing on how much participants learn from the panelists, and Tannen’s hypothesis says nothing about how informative single commentators are. Choice D is incorrect because finding that participants who watched a single commentator answered more questions correctly than participants who watched the debate did wouldn’t be relevant to Tannen’s hypothesis, which is that hearing multiple varying perspectives is more informative than hearing a debate. Tannen’s hypothesis says nothing about how informative single commentators are.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "783d1388",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>The Souls of Black Folk is a 1903 book by W.E.B. Du Bois. In the book, Du Bois suggests that upon hearing Black folk songs, he felt an intuitive and sometimes unexpected sense of cultural recognition: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from The Souls of Black Folk most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“<strong>Black folk music</strong> still remains as the singular spiritual heritage of the nation and the greatest gift of the Negro people.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Ever since I was a child these songs have stirred me strangely. They came out of the South unknown to me, one by one, and yet at once I knew them as of me and of mine.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Caricature has sought again to spoil the quaint beauty of the music, and has filled the air with many debased melodies which vulgar ears scarce know from the real. But the true Negro folk-song still lives in the hearts of those who have heard them truly sung and in the hearts of the Negro people.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“The songs are indeed the siftings of centuries; the music is far more ancient than the words, and in it we can trace here and there signs of development.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because the quotation from The Souls of Black Folk illustrates the claim that Du Bois felt a sense of cultural recognition when he heard Black folk songs. In the quotation, Du Bois explains that for his entire life, Black folk songs “stirred <strong>him</strong> strangely.” Even though they originated in the South, a region he wasn’t familiar with, he knew the songs “as of me and of mine.” That is, he identified strongly with them and associated them with his community. Therefore, Du Bois felt an intuitive sense of cultural recognition when he heard Black folk songs. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although the quotation considers the cultural and spiritual value of Black folk music, it doesn’t establish that this music inspired in Du Bois a sense of cultural recognition. Choice C is incorrect because this quotation addresses the cultural survival of Black folk songs despite attempts to caricature, or parody, them, not Du Bois’s sense of cultural connection to them. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation indicates that the Black folk songs and music are old, “the siftings of centuries,” instead of addressing how Du Bois felt when he heard the songs.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7a1877be",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Nucleobase Concentrations from Murchison Meteorite and Soil Samples in Parts per Billion<br>NucleobaseMurchison meteorite sample 1Murchison meteorite sample 2Murchison soil sampleIsoguanine0.50.04not detectedPurine0.20.02not detectedXanthine3931Adenine15140Hypoxanthine2412<br>Employing high-performance liquid chromatography—a process that uses pressurized water to separate material into its component molecules—astrochemist Yashiro Oba and colleagues analyzed two samples of the Murchison meteorite that landed in Australia as well as soil from the landing zone of the meteorite to determine the concentrations of various organic molecules. By comparing the relative concentrations of types of molecules known as nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite with those in the soil, the team concluded that there is evidence that the nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite formed in space and are not the result of contamination on Earth.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the team’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Isoguanine and purine were detected in both meteorite samples but not in the soil sample.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Adenine and xanthine were detected in both of the meteorite samples and in the soil sample.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Hypoxanthine and purine were detected in both the Murchison meteorite sample 2 and in the soil sample.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in the Murchison meteorite sample 1 but not in sample 2.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. The researchers concluded that the meteorite’s nucleobases weren’t the result of soil contamination. Presence of nucleobases in the meteorite and not in soil provides evidence that those nucleobases likely didn’t come from the soil. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t justify the conclusion. The researchers concluded that the meteorite’s nucleobases weren’t the result of soil contamination. If the nucleobases are present in both the soil and meteorite, then it’s possible that these nucleobases came from the soil. Choice C is incorrect. This choice misreads the table. Purine was not detected in the soil sample. Choice D is incorrect. This choice misreads the table. Both isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in both Murchison meteorite samples.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "7f293254",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Art collectives, like the United States- and Vietnam-based collective The Propeller Group or Cuba’s Los Carpinteros, are groups of artists who agree to work together: perhaps for stylistic reasons, or to advance certain shared political ideals, or to help mitigate the costs of supplies and studio space. Regardless of the reasons, art collectives usually involve some collaboration among the artists. Based on a recent series of interviews with various art collectives, an arts journalist claims that this can be difficult for artists who are often used to having sole control over their work.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from the interviews best illustrates the journalist’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“The first collective I joined included many amazingly talented artists, and we enjoyed each other’s company, but because we had a hard time sharing credit and responsibility for our work, the collective didn’t last.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“We work together, but that doesn’t mean that individual projects are equally the work of all of us. Many of our projects are primarily the responsibility of whoever originally proposed the work to the group.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Having worked as a member of a collective for several years, it’s sometimes hard to recall what it was like to work alone without the collective’s support. But that support encourages my individual expression rather than limits it.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Sometimes an artist from outside the collective will choose to collaborate with us on a project, but all of those projects fit within the larger themes of the work the collective does on its own.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents the quotation that best illustrates the journalist’s claim. By indicating that a collective didn’t continue because it was hard to share credit and responsibilities within the group even though the company was enjoyable, the quotation shows that working collaboratively can be difficult for artists who are used to having complete control over their work. <br>Choice B is incorrect because the quotation indicates that members of a collective are able to collaborate together and have agreed on a fair way to manage their responsibilities; this doesn’t demonstrate the challenge of sharing control among members of a collective. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation highlights the support and encouragement of individual expression an artist experiences due to working in a collective; these positive aspects don’t demonstrate the challenge of sharing control among members of a collective. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation doesn’t address any challenges of sharing control among members of a collective; it simply indicates that artists sometimes choose to work with collectives without having to be a member. Therefore, the quotation doesn’t illustrate the journalist’s claim.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "80fd9454",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Percentage of Available Eggs Eaten by Cane Toad Tadpoles<br>Amphibian species (common name)Percentage of eggs eatenNative to AustraliaProduces bufadienolideLittle red tree frog1%yesnoCane toad90%noyesShort-footed frog7%yesnoStriped burrowing frog10%yesnoDainty green tree frog1%yesno<br>Native to Latin America, the cane toad was introduced to Australia in the 1930s. In recent decades, tadpoles in the Australian population have been shown to consume eggs of their own species. A 2022 study showed that when presented with cane toad eggs as well as eggs of native Australian amphibians, cane toad tadpoles disproportionately consumed eggs of their own species. This behavior results from their attraction to bufadienolide, a chemical produced by the eggs of cane toads but not by the eggs of native amphibians. However, using data from this study, a student wishes to argue that the presence of bufadienolide doesn’t entirely explain the cane toad tadpoles’ preference for certain eggs over others.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the student’s argument?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The tadpoles consumed a higher percentage of the striped burrowing frog eggs than they did of the eggs of the dainty green tree frog.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The tadpoles left a certain percentage of the eggs of each of the five species unharmed, thus ultimately allowing them to hatch.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The tadpoles consumed a lower percentage of the short-footed frog eggs than they did of the eggs of their own species.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The tadpoles consumed the same percentage of the dainty green tree frog eggs as they did of the little red tree frog eggs.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to support the student’s argument about the role of bufadienolide in the egg preferences of cane toad tadpoles. For each of five amphibian species included in the 2022 study, the table gives the percentage of available eggs that the cane toad tadpoles ate. According to the table, the tadpoles ate 10% of striped burrowing frog eggs and 1% of dainty green tree frog eggs, which suggests a preference for striped burrowing frog eggs over dainty green tree frog eggs. The table also indicates that neither of these species’ eggs produces bufadienolide. Thus, these data suggest that something other than the presence or absence of bufadienolide is needed to adequately explain the tadpoles’ egg preferences.<br>Choice B is incorrect. Although the table shows that for each of the five amphibian species, the cane toad tadpoles ate less than 100% of that species’ eggs, which demonstrates that the tadpoles did indeed leave some eggs for each species unharmed, this fact alone is irrelevant to the tadpoles’ preferences for some species’ eggs over other species’ eggs. Choice C is incorrect. Although the table indicates that the cane toad tadpoles ate 90% of the cane toad eggs and 7% of the short-footed frog eggs, which suggests that they prefer cane toad eggs over short-footed frog eggs, the table also indicates that cane toad eggs produce bufadienolide, whereas short-footed frog eggs do not. Therefore, these data are not sufficient to exclude that bufadienolide alone could explain the tadpoles’ preference for some species’ eggs over other species’ eggs. Choice D is incorrect. Although the table shows that for both dainty green tree frog eggs and little red tree frog eggs, the cane toad tadpoles ate 1% of those species’ eggs, it also indicates that neither produces bufadienolide. Thus, these data alone don’t indicate bufadienolide’s role in the tadpoles’ egg preferences.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "825dc766",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>King Lear is a circa 1606 play by William Shakespeare. In the play, the character of King Lear attempts to test his three daughters’ devotion to him. He later expresses regret for his actions, as is evident when he ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from King Lear to illustrate the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "says of himself, “I am a man / more sinned against than sinning.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "says during a growing storm, “This tempest will not give me leave to ponder / On things would hurt me more.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "says to himself while striking his head, “Beat at this gate that let thy folly in / And thy dear judgement out!”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "says of himself, “I will do such things— / What they are yet, I know not; but they shall be / The terrors of the earth!”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it most effectively uses a quotation from King Lear to illustrate the claim that King Lear expresses regret for his actions. In the quotation, Lear describes striking himself on the head—the same act he’s engaged in as he speaks, and one that suggests he’s deeply upset with himself. Referring to himself in the second person (with “thy”), the character exclaims “Beat at this gate that let thy folly in / And thy dear judgement out!” Lear refers metaphorically to his own mind as a gate that has allowed folly, or poor judgement, to enter and good judgement to escape. This suggests that Lear regrets his attempts to test his three daughters’ devotion to him, regarding those attempts as examples of the folly that has entered the gate of his mind. <br>Choice A is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t express King Lear’s sense of regret over his own actions; instead, it expresses his belief that the harm that others have done to him (or the extent to which they have “sinned against” him) outweighs whatever harm he himself has caused by “sinning.” Choice B is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t express King Lear’s sense of regret over his own actions; instead, it expresses his thoughts about an approaching storm (“this tempest”), which he believes “will not give <strong>him</strong> leave to ponder,” or time to consider, the harm that he will continue to experience (“things” that “would hurt <strong>him</strong> more”). Choice D is incorrect because this quotation expresses King Lear’s vow to commit terrible actions (or “things” that “shall be / The terrors of the earth”) in the future, not his regret over actions that he’s already taken.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8391a002",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a nutritionally dense food, but they are difficult to digest in part because of their high levels of soluble fiber and compounds like raffinose. They also contain antinutrients like tannins and trypsin inhibitors, which interfere with the body’s ability to extract nutrients from foods. In a research article, Marisela Granito and Glenda Álvarez from Simón Bolívar University in Venezuela claim that inducing fermentation of black beans using lactic acid bacteria improves the digestibility of the beans and makes them more nutritious.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from Granito and Álvarez’s research, if true, would most directly support their claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "When cooked, fermented beans contained significantly more trypsin inhibitors and tannins but significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Fermented beans contained significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans, and when cooked, the fermented beans also displayed a significant reduction in trypsin inhibitors and tannins.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "When the fermented beans were analyzed, they were found to contain two microorganisms, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, that are theorized to increase the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the gut after eating beans.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Both fermented and nonfermented black beans contained significantly fewer trypsin inhibitors and tannins after being cooked at high pressure.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it presents a finding that would best support Granito and Álvarez’s claim that fermenting black beans makes them easier to digest and more nutritious. The text indicates that high levels of soluble fiber and raffinose in black beans make the beans hard to digest and that tannins and trypsin inhibitors make it harder for the body to extract nutrients from the beans. If it were found that fermenting the beans significantly reduces their levels of soluble fiber, raffinose, trypsin inhibitors, and tannins when cooked, this would directly support the claim that fermentation improves the digestibility of the beans and makes them more nutritious. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that trypsin inhibitors and tannins interfere with the body’s ability to extract nutrients from black beans; if fermentation and cooking were found to increase these antinutrients, fermented beans would likely be less nutritious than unfermented ones, not more nutritious (as Granito and Álvarez claim). Choice C is incorrect because the text doesn’t address the idea that greater nitrogen absorption in the gut has an effect on a food’s digestibility or level of nutrition, so the discovery of the presence of microorganisms that may increase nitrogen absorption wouldn’t provide relevant support for the claim that fermentation makes black beans easier to digest and more nutritious. Choice D is incorrect because Granito and Álvarez’s claim focuses on the effect of fermenting black beans, but the finding that nonfermented black beans also have fewer trypsin inhibitors and tannins when cooked at high pressure would suggest that the role of the cooking method could be significant when it comes to nutrition; further, the finding wouldn’t address the beans’ digestibility.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8545ccfe",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Icebergs generally appear to be mostly white or blue, depending on how the ice reflects sunlight. Ice with air bubbles trapped in it looks white because much of the light reflects off the bubbles. Ice without air bubbles usually looks blue because the light travels deep into the ice and only a little of it is reflected. However, some icebergs in the sea around Antarctica appear to be green. One team of scientists hypothesized that this phenomenon is the result of yellow-tinted dissolved organic carbon in Antarctic waters mixing with blue ice to produce the color green.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the team’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "White ice doesn’t change color when mixed with dissolved organic carbon due to the air bubbles in the ice.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Dissolved organic carbon has a stronger yellow color in Antarctic waters than it does in other places.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Blue icebergs and green icebergs are rarely found near each other.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Blue icebergs and green icebergs contain similarly small traces of dissolved organic carbon.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would weaken the scientists’ hypothesis about icebergs that appear to be green. The text indicates that most icebergs are either mostly white or blue in color but that some icebergs in Antarctica appear to be green. The text goes on to say that the scientists hypothesized that this green color occurs when yellow-tinted dissolved organic carbon in ocean waters mixes with blue ice. A finding that both blue icebergs and green icebergs contain similarly small traces of dissolved organic carbon would suggest that something other than yellow-tinted organic carbon causes some icebergs’ green color, since the blue icebergs that contain yellow-tinted organic carbon remained blue instead of turning green. <br>Choice A is incorrect because, according to the text, the scientists’ hypothesis was that blue icebergs, not white ones, change color when their ice mixes with yellow-tinted dissolved organic carbon. A finding that white ice, because of its air bubbles, doesn’t change color when it’s mixed with dissolved organic carbon would therefore have no bearing on the scientists’ hypothesis. Choice B is incorrect because the text focuses only on Antarctic icebergs that appear to be green. It doesn’t indicate that icebergs in locations other than Antarctica have been found to have a green hue. A finding that dissolved organic carbon has a stronger yellow color in Antarctic waters than in other places would therefore have no bearing on the scientists’ hypothesis that green color in icebergs in Antarctica is caused by yellow-tinted dissolved organic carbon mixing with blue ice. Choice C is incorrect because, according to the text, the scientists’ hypothesis was that blue icebergs turn green when their ice mixes with yellow-tinted dissolved organic carbon in the sea around them. If that’s correct, one would expect blue icebergs and green icebergs to be located at a distance from each other since all blue icebergs in an area where the waters contain yellow-tinted dissolved organic carbon would take on a green hue. A finding that blue icebergs and green icebergs are rarely found near each other would therefore strengthen, not weaken, the researchers’ hypothesis.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "8584f3ce",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found elsewhere off Canada’s coast. To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plant’s rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the meadow’s health overall.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "At some sites in the study, eelgrass meadows are found near otter populations that are small and have only recently been reintroduced.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "At several sites not included in the study, there are large, well-established sea otter populations but no eelgrass meadows.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "At several sites not included in the study, eelgrass meadows’ health correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "At some sites in the study, the health of plants unrelated to eelgrass correlates negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would weaken Foster’s hypothesis that damage to eelgrass roots improves the health of eelgrass meadows by boosting genetic diversity. The text indicates that sea otters damage eelgrass roots but that eelgrass meadows near Vancouver Island, where there’s a large otter population, are comparatively healthy. When Foster and her colleagues compared the Vancouver Island eelgrass meadows to those that don’t have established otter populations, the researchers found that the Vancouver Island meadows are more genetically diverse than the other meadows are. This finding led Foster to hypothesize that damage to the eelgrass roots encourages eelgrass reproduction, thereby improving genetic diversity and the health of the meadows. If, however, other meadows not included in the study are less healthy the larger the local otter population is and the longer the otters have been in residence, that would suggest that damage to the eelgrass roots, which would be expected to increase with the size and residential duration of the otter population, isn’t leading meadows to be healthier. Such a finding would therefore weaken Foster’s hypothesis. <br>Choice A is incorrect because finding that small, recently introduced otter populations are near other eelgrass meadows in the study wouldn’t weaken Foster’s hypothesis. If otter populations were small and only recently established, they wouldn’t be expected to have caused much damage to eelgrass roots, so even if those eelgrass meadows were less healthy than the Vancouver Island meadows, that wouldn’t undermine Foster’s hypothesis. In fact, it would be consistent with Foster’s hypothesis since it would suggest that the greater damage caused by larger, more established otter populations is associated with healthier meadows. Choice B is incorrect because the existence of areas with otters but without eelgrass meadows wouldn’t reveal anything about whether the damage that otters cause to eelgrass roots ultimately benefits eelgrass meadows. Choice D is incorrect because the health of plants other than eelgrass would have no bearing on Foster’s hypothesis that damage to eelgrass roots leads to greater genetic diversity and meadow health. It would be possible for otters to have a negative effect on other plants while nevertheless improving the health of eelgrass meadows by damaging eelgrass roots.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "860803dd",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Biologist Valentina Gómez-Bahamón and her team have investigated two subspecies of the fork-tailed flycatcher bird that live in the same region in Colombia, but one subspecies migrates south for part of the year, and the other doesn’t. The researchers found that, due to slight differences in feather shape, the feathers of migratory forked-tailed flycatcher males make a sound during flight that is higher pitched than that made by the feathers of nonmigratory males. The researchers hypothesize that fork-tailed flycatcher females are attracted to the specific sound made by the males of their own subspecies, and that over time the females’ preference will drive further genetic and anatomical divergence between the subspecies.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support Gómez-Bahamón and her team’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The feathers located on the wings of the migratory fork-tailed flycatchers have a narrower shape than those of the nonmigratory birds, which allows them to fly long distances.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Over several generations, the sound made by the feathers of migratory male fork-tailed flycatchers grows progressively higher pitched relative to that made by the feathers of nonmigratory males.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Fork-tailed flycatchers communicate different messages to each other depending on whether their feathers create high-pitched or low-pitched sounds.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The breeding habits of the migratory and nonmigratory fork-tailed flycatchers remained generally the same over several generations.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most directly support Gómez-Bahamón and her team’s hypothesis about fork-tailed flycatchers. The text indicates that although two subspecies of the birds live in the same region, the tail feathers of the migrating males make a higher-pitched sound than the tail feathers of the nonmigrating males do. Gómez-Bahamón and her team hypothesize that female fork-tailed flycatchers are attracted to the particular sound made by the tail feathers of males of their own subspecies, which will bring about additional “genetic and anatomical divergence” between the two subspecies. If it were found that the pitch generated by the tail feathers of migrating males is getting higher over successive generations, it would indicate that the shape of the migrating subspecies’ tail feathers is diverging further from that of the nonmigrating subspecies. And if females continue to prefer the sounds of the males of their own subspecies, the females of the migrating subspecies will become acclimated to increasingly higher pitches over subsequent generations, causing further divergence between the subspecies. Thus, if it were found that migrating males’ tail feathers were producing higher pitches over time, that would support the researchers’ hypothesis. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the researchers’ hypothesis is that female flycatchers prefer the sounds produced by the tail feathers of males of their own subspecies, which will lead to further divergence between the two subspecies. This finding is about the shape of wing feathers and how that affects long-distance flight, whereas the hypothesis is about the shape of tail feathers and how that relates to female mate preference. Choice C is incorrect because the researchers’ hypothesis is that female flycatchers prefer the sounds produced by the tail feathers of males of their own subspecies, which will lead to further divergence between the two subspecies. This finding focuses on how the tail feather sounds communicate different messages, which doesn’t address differences between the subspecies or female preferences. Choice D is incorrect because the researchers’ hypothesis is that female flycatchers prefer the sounds produced by the tail feathers of males of their own subspecies, which will lead to further divergence between the two subspecies. The finding that breeding habits haven’t changed for either subspecies does not, by itself, suggest anything about female preferences or divergence between the two subspecies.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "9452092c",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi on 3 Plant Species<br>Plant speciesMycorrhizal hostAverage mass of plants grown in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi (in grams)Average mass of plants grown in soil treated to kill fungi (in grams)Cornyes15.13.8Marigoldyes10.22.4Broccolino7.57<br>Mycorrhizal fungi in soil benefits many plants, substantially increasing the mass of some. A student conducted an experiment to illustrate this effect. The student chose three plant species for the experiment, including two that are mycorrhizal hosts (species known to benefit from mycorrhizal fungi) and one nonmycorrhizal species (a species that doesn’t benefit from and may even be harmed by mycorrhizal fungi). The student then grew several plants from each species both in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi and in soil that had been treated to kill mycorrhizal and other fungi. After several weeks, the student measured the plants’ average mass and was surprised to discover that ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "broccoli grown in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi had a slightly higher average mass than broccoli grown in soil that had been treated to kill fungi.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "corn grown in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi had a higher average mass than broccoli grown in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "marigolds grown in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi had a much higher average mass than marigolds grown in soil that had been treated to kill fungi.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "corn had the highest average mass of all three species grown in soil that had been treated to kill fungi, while marigolds had the lowest.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement. The text explains that mycorrhizal hosts are plants that benefit from the presence of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil and that some such plants produce more mass when grown in the presence of these fungi, while for nonmycorrhizal species the fungi either have no effect or may be harmful. The experiment included two mycorrhizal hosts (corn and marigold) and one nonmycorrhizal species (broccoli). Given the claim in the text that nonmycorrhizal species will see either no difference or a decrease in mass when exposed to mycorrhizal fungi, the student would likely have been surprised by the higher average mass for broccoli grown in the presence of the fungi than the broccoli grown in the soil treated to kill fungi. <br>Choice B is incorrect. Although this choice accurately describes the corn data from the table, the fact that the mycorrhizal host corn is more massive in the presence of the fungi likely fits with what the student expected and would therefore not be surprising. Choice C is incorrect. Although this choice accurately describes the marigold data from the table, the fact that the mycorrhizal host marigold is more massive in the presence of the fungi is likely what the student expected and thus would not be surprising. Choice D is incorrect because it does not accurately represent the data in the table—when grown in soil treated to kill fungi, corn had an average mass of 3.8 g while broccoli had an average mass of 7g—and because making comparisons among the plants in the no-fungi condition, by itself, does not provide a basis to compare the average mass of mycorrhizal hosts and nonmycorrhizal species grown in the presence of the fungi with those grown in the soil treated to kill fungi.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "94c54577",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>While attending school in New York City in the 1980s, Okwui Enwezor encountered few works by African artists in exhibitions, despite New York’s reputation as one of the best places to view contemporary art from around the world. According to an arts journalist, later in his career as a renowned curator and art historian, Enwezor sought to remedy this deficiency, not by focusing solely on modern African artists, but by showing how their work fits into the larger context of global modern art and art history.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the journalist’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "As curator of the Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany, Enwezor organized a retrospective of Ghanaian sculptor El Anatsui’s work entitled El Anatsui: Triumphant Scale, one of the largest art exhibitions devoted to a Black artist in Europe’s history.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In the exhibition Postwar: Art Between the Pacific and the Atlantic, 1945–1965, Enwezor and cocurator Katy Siegel brought works by African artists such as Malangatana Ngwenya together with pieces by major figures from other countries, like US artist Andy Warhol and Mexico’s David Siqueiros.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Enwezor’s work as curator of the 2001 exhibition The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945–1994 showed how African movements for independence from European colonial powers following the Second World War profoundly influenced work by African artists of the period, such as Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq and Thomas Mukarobgwa.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Enwezor organized the exhibition In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present not to emphasize a particular aesthetic trend but to demonstrate the broad range of ways in which African artists have approached the medium of photography.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most directly support the arts journalist’s claim about Enwezor’s work as a curator and art historian. In the text, the arts journalist asserts that Enwezor wished not just to focus on modern African artists but also to show “how their work fits into the larger context of global modern art and art history,” or how their work relates to artistic developments and work by other artists elsewhere in the world. The description of Postwar: Art Between the Pacific and the Atlantic, 1945–1965 indicates that Enwezor and Siegel’s exhibition brought works by African artists together with works by artists from other countries, thus supporting the arts journalist’s claim that Enwezor sought to show works by African artists in a context of global modern art and art history. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it describes a retrospective that wouldn’t support the arts journalist’s claim that Enwezor wanted to show how works by modern African artists fit into the larger context of global modern art and art history. The description of El Anatsui: Triumphant Scale indicates that the retrospective focused only on the work of a single African artist, El Anatsui. The description doesn’t suggest that the exhibition showed how El Anatsui’s works fit into a global artistic context. Choice C is incorrect because it describes an exhibition that wouldn’t support the arts journalist’s claim that Enwezor wanted to show how works by modern African artists relate to the larger context of global modern art and art history. The description of The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945–1994 indicates that the exhibition showed how African artists were influenced by movements for independence from European colonial powers following the Second World War. Although this suggests that Enwezor intended the exhibition to place works by African artists in a political context, it doesn’t indicate that the works were placed in a global artistic context. Choice D is incorrect because it describes an exhibition that wouldn’t support the arts journalist’s claim that Enwezor wanted to show how works by modern African artists relate to the larger context of global modern art and art history. The description of In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present indicates that the exhibition was intended to reveal the broad range of approaches taken by African photographers, not that the exhibition showed how photography by African artists fits into a global artistic context.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "9c407117",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>A student performs an experiment testing her hypothesis that a slightly acidic soil environment is more beneficial for the growth of the plant Brassica rapa parachinensis (a vegetable commonly known as choy sum) than a neutral soil environment. She plants sixteen seeds of choy sum in a mixture of equal amounts of coffee grounds (which are highly acidic) and potting soil and another sixteen seeds in potting soil without coffee grounds as the control for the experiment. The two groups of seeds were exposed to the same growing conditions and monitored for three weeks.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The choy sum planted in the soil without coffee grounds were significantly taller at the end of the experiment than the choy sum planted in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The choy sum grown in the soil without coffee grounds weighed significantly less at the end of the experiment than the choy sum grown in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The choy sum seeds planted in the soil without coffee grounds sprouted significantly later in the experiment than did the seeds planted in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Significantly fewer of the choy sum seeds planted in the soil without coffee grounds sprouted plants than did the seeds planted in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it describes an experimental outcome that would most directly weaken the student’s hypothesis. According to the text, the student hypothesizes that Brassica rapa parachinensis (choy sum) will benefit more from acidic soil than it will from neutral soil. The text then explains that the student planted 16 choy sum seeds in potting soil with coffee grounds added to increase acidity and another 16 seeds in soil without coffee grounds as a control (a group identical to the experimental group except for the experimental modification being tested). If the hypothesis were correct, the plants in the more acidic soil-and-coffee-grounds mixture would grow faster than those in the control group. However, choice A proposes a scenario in which the plants in soil without coffee grounds were “significantly taller” than those in the more acidic mixture—an outcome that weakens the hypothesis that higher acidity is beneficial to the plants’ growth. <br>Choice B is incorrect. If the choy sum planted in the neutral soil produced less plant matter and therefore weighed less than the choy sum planted in the acidic soil-and-coffee-grounds mixture, this finding would strengthen the student’s hypothesis, not weaken it. Choice C is incorrect. If seeds planted in neutral soil (without coffee grounds) sprouted significantly later than seeds planted in the acidic soil-and-coffee-grounds mixture, this finding would strengthen, not weaken, the student’s hypothesis that acidic soil benefits choy sum. Choice D is incorrect. If seeds planted in the neutral soil (without coffee grounds) sprouted significantly fewer plants than seeds planted in the acidic soil-and-coffee-grounds mixture did, this finding would strengthen, not weaken, the student’s hypothesis that choy sum benefits from acidic soil.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "a15b3219",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>For each data category, the following bars are shown: <br><br>announcement before election<br>announcement after election<br><br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows: <br><br>no response:<br><br>announcement before election: 1,252<br>announcement after election: 1,248<br><br>responded to inquiry:<br><br>announcement before election: 207<br>announcement after election: 205<br><br>offered incentive:<br><br>announcement before election: 128<br>announcement after election: 122<br><br>In the United States, firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand to those municipalities. A team of political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if expansions can be announced in time to benefit local elected officials than if they can’t. The team contacted officials in thousands of municipalities, inquiring about incentives for a firm looking to expand and indicating that the firm would announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after the next election.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team’s hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "A large majority of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement before the next election didn’t respond to the inquiry.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The proportion of municipalities that responded to the inquiry or offered incentives didn’t substantially differ across the announcement timing conditions.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Only around half the municipalities that responded to inquiries mentioning plans for an announcement before the next election offered incentives.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement date after the next election, more than 1,200 didn’t respond and only around 100 offered incentives.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer. The lighter bars show what happened when the announcement was to come before the election, and the darker bars show what happened when the announcement was to come after the election. For all three of the outcomes, the light and dark bars are virtually the same, demonstrating that the announcement timing didn’t actually make a difference. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This accurately describes some data from the graph, but it doesn’t weaken the hypothesis. It doesn’t include the “announcement after election” data for comparison. Choice C is incorrect. This accurately describes some data from the graph, but it doesn’t weaken the hypothesis. It doesn’t include the “announcement after election” data for comparison. Choice D is incorrect. This accurately describes some data from the graph, but it doesn’t weaken the hypothesis. It doesn’t include the “announcement before election” data for comparison.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/a15b3219_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "a44bbd6b",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Several studies of sediment (e.g., dirt, pieces of rock, etc.) in streams have shown an inverse correlation between sediment grain size and downstream distance from the primary sediment source, suggesting that stream length has a sorting effect on sediment. In a study of sediment sampled at more than a dozen sites in Alpine streams, however, geologists Camille Litty and Fritz Schlunegger found that cross-site variations in grain size were not associated with differences in downstream distance, though they did not conclude that downstream distance is irrelevant to grain size. Rather, they concluded that sediment influx in these streams may have been sufficiently spatially diffuse to prevent the typical sorting effect from being observed.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding about the streams in the study, if true, would most directly support Litty and Schlunegger’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The streams regularly experience portions of their banks collapsing into the water at multiple points upstream of the sampling sites.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The streams contain several types of sediment that are not typically found in streams where the sorting effect has been demonstrated.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The streams mostly originate from the same source, but their lengths vary considerably due to the different courses they take.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The streams are fed by multiple tributaries that carry significant volumes of sediment and that enter the streams downstream of the sampling sites.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. This finding would support the conclusion. If stream banks are collapsing into the water at multiple points, then sediment is getting into the water at those various points. This supports the conclusion that the inflow of sediment is very spread out. <br>Choice B is incorrect. This finding wouldn’t support the conclusion. The conclusion is about the influx of sediment being “spatially diffuse,” meaning spread out over a large area. The type of sediment wouldn’t have an impact on the conclusions. Choice C is incorrect. This finding wouldn’t support the conclusion. It doesn’t say anything about the influx of sediment being “spatially diffuse” (spread out). Choice D is incorrect. This finding wouldn’t support the conclusion. Any sediment that enters downstream of the sampling sites wouldn’t end up in the samples, so it wouldn’t affect the findings or the conclusion.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "af9e3240",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Electra is a circa 420–410 BCE play by Sophocles, translated in 1870 by R.C. Jebb. Electra, who is in mourning for her dead father and her long-absent brother, is aware of the intensity of her grief but believes it to be justified: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from Electra most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“O thou pure sunlight, and thou air, earth’s canopy, how often have ye heard the strains of my lament, the wild blows dealt against this bleeding breast, when dark night fails!”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Send to me my brother; for I have no more the strength to bear up alone against the load of grief that weighs me down.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“I know my own passion, it escapes me not; but, seeing that the causes are so dire, will never curb these frenzied plaints, while life is in me.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“But never will I cease from dirge and sore lament, while I look on the trembling rays of the bright stars, or on this light of day.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. Electra states that she “knows her own passion,” which shows that she’s aware of the intensity of her grief. But she also claims that the “causes are so dire”—meaning the reasons for her grief are so awful—that she can’t let it go, which shows that she believes her grief is justified. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This quotation doesn’t show that Electra believes her grief is justified. It shows that Electra is aware of its intensity, but it doesn’t suggest that she believes she has a legitimate reason for feeling that way. Choice B is incorrect. This quotation doesn’t show that Electra believes her grief is justified. It shows that Electra is aware of its intensity, but it doesn’t suggest that she believes she has a legitimate reason for feeling that way. Choice D is incorrect. This quotation doesn’t show that Electra believes her grief is justified. It shows that Electra is aware of the intensity of her grief, but it doesn’t suggest that she has a legitimate reason for feeling that way.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "b2e54b50",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Correlations Between Congestion Ratings and Features of the Crowd in Raters’ Immediate Vicinity<br>Crowd featureBefore obstacleAfter obstacleOverallDensity0.85920.73080.7447Velocity−0.9357negative 0.9357−0.9518negative 0.9518−0.8587negative 0.8587<br>Researcher Xiaolu Jia and colleagues monitored individuals’ velocity and the surrounding crowd density as a group of study participants walked through a space and navigated around an obstacle. Participants rated how congested it seemed before the obstacle, after the obstacle, and overall, and the researchers correlated those ratings with velocity and density. (Correlations range from −1negative 1 to 1, with greater distance from 0 indicating greater strength). The researchers concluded that the correlations with velocity are stronger than those with density.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The correlation between congestion ratings before the obstacle and density is further from 0 than the correlation between overall congestion rating and velocity is.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The correlation between congestion ratings before the obstacle and velocity is further from 0 than the correlation between congestion overall and velocity is.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "For each of the three ratings, the correlation with velocity is negative while the correlation with density is positive.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "For each of the three ratings, correlations with velocity are further from 0 than the corresponding correlations with density are.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer. The text tells us that the farther the correlation is from 0, the “stronger” it is (doesn’t matter if it’s negative or positive). The table shows that the correlations with velocity are farther from zero than the correlations with density, which supports the conclusion that the correlations with velocity are stronger. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the conclusion. It makes an “apples to oranges” comparison by comparing density and velocity correlations across features instead of comparing them for each feature. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the conclusion. It doesn’t include the density correlations for comparison. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t support the conclusion. The text tells us that the farther the correlation is from 0, the “stronger” it is: it doesn’t matter for “strength” whether it’s negative or positive.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "b32c4b3a",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a band of clouds that encircles Earth in the tropics and is a major rainfall source, shifts position in response to temperature variations across Earth’s hemispheres. Data from Huagapo Cave in Peru suggest the ITCZ shifted south during the Little Ice Age (circa 1300–1850), but a shift as far into South America as Huagapo should have led to dry conditions in Central America, which is inconsistent with climate models. To resolve the issue, geologist Yemane Asmerom and colleagues collected data from Yok Balum Cave in Central America and compared them with the Huagapo data. They concluded that during the Little Ice Age, the ITCZ may have expanded northward and southward rather than simply shifted.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding from Asmerom and colleagues’ study, if true, would most directly support their conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Neither the Yok Balum data nor the Huagapo data show significant local variations in temperature during the Little Ice Age.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Both the Yok Balum data and the Huagapo data show increased temperatures and prolonged dry conditions during the Little Ice Age.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Yok Balum data show prolonged dry conditions during the same portions of the Little Ice Age in which the Huagapo data show heightened levels of rainfall.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Yok Balum data and the Huagapo data show strongly correlated patterns of high rainfall during the Little Ice Age.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support Asmerom and colleagues’ conclusion that the ITCZ may have expanded northward and southward rather than shifting south during the Little Ice Age. The text indicates that the ITCZ, a band of clouds in the tropics that is a significant rainfall source, can change position. Data from Peru’s Huagapo Cave suggest that the ITCZ shifted south during the Little Ice Age. But according to the text, if the ITCZ moved into South America in that way, then Central America should have been drier than climate models suggest it was. In other words, rainfall should have been reduced in Central America because the ITCZ, a significant rainfall source, had shifted into South America, but climate models do not show such a reduction in Central America. The text goes on to say that Asmerom and colleagues tried to resolve this apparent conflict by collecting data from Yok Balum cave in Central America and comparing them with data from Huagapo, which led the researchers to conclude that the ITCZ may have expanded both northward and southward rather than simply shifting south. If it is true that Yok Balum in Central America and Huagapo in South America show strongly correlated patterns of high rainfall during the Little Ice Age, such a finding would support Asmerom and colleagues’ conclusion by suggesting that the two areas were affected by the same rainfall source, and thus that the ITCZ may have expanded rather than shifted. <br>Choice A is incorrect because there is no information in the text about how, if at all, the ITCZ affects temperature in areas where it is located. Rather, the text states that temperature variations across Earth’s hemispheres can shift the position of the ITCZ. Finding that neither Yok Balum nor Huagapo data show evidence of significant local variations in temperature during the Little Ice Age would have no clear bearing on Asmerom and colleagues’ claim. Choice B is incorrect because finding that both Yok Balum and Huagapo experienced prolonged dry conditions during the Little Ice Age would not support Asmerom and colleagues’ conclusion that the ITCZ, a major source of rainfall, may have expanded northward and southward rather than simply shifting south. Dry conditions in both locations would suggest that the ITCZ did not cover either location. Additionally, finding that temperatures were elevated in both locations would have no clear bearing on Asmerom and colleagues’ conclusion, since there is no information in the text that indicates how, if at all, the ITCZ affects temperature. Choice C is incorrect because finding that Yok Balum experienced prolonged dry conditions at the same time that Huagapo experienced high rainfall would weaken Asmerom and colleagues’ conclusion, not strengthen it. Such a finding would suggest that the ITCZ shifted south and left Central America dry rather than expanding both northward and southward.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "be19faa1",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>Urbanization, industrialization, and the warming climate create thermal pollution (excess heat) in the shallow subsurface soil. Susanne A. Benz and colleagues analyzed thousands of sites on three continents under one scenario in which surface temperature remains at the current level and under another in which the surface reaches the maximum plausible temperature. They then categorized each site according to the percentage of local home heating needs that could be met using this excess subsurface heat. The team concluded that if surface temperature approaches the maximum plausible level, the percentage of sites where thermal pollution could feasibly contribute to meeting home heating needs will increase.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Benz and colleagues’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Under both temperature conditions, less than 10% of sites were in the up-to-25% group, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, almost 80% of sites could have all their local heating needs met by thermal pollution.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites have no need for supplemental local home heating from subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 70% of sites exhibit significantly greater home heating needs.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of sites can meet, at most, 25% of local home heating needs with subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 80% of sites can meet greater than 25% of local home heating needs.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites cannot use subsurface thermal pollution to meet any portion of local home heating needs, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, that percentage drops below 20%.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      'Choice D is the best answer. The researchers concluded that as we approach maximum plausible surface temperatures, there will be a larger percentage of sites where thermal pollution could contribute to meeting home heating needs. By showing that only a small percentage of homes can currently use thermal pollution for home heating, and that this percentage would grow much larger at maximum plausible surface temperatures, this choice supports the researchers’ conclusion.<br>Choice A is incorrect. We do not know how many sites could have all (i.e., 100%) of their local heating needs met by thermal pollution, as the graph only classifies sites by whether "0%," "Up to 25%," and "More than 25%" of heating needs could be met. Choice B is incorrect. The graph is not depicting need for supplemental heating from thermal pollution, but rather potential to use thermal pollution for supplemental heating. Choice C is incorrect. The graph indicates that, at current surface temperatures, less than 10% of sites can meet 25% of local home heating needs and that more than 80% of sites cannot meet any local home heating needs.',
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/be19faa1_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "c2c61e7d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Researchers hypothesized that a decline in the population of dusky sharks near the mid-Atlantic coast of North America led to a decline in the population of eastern oysters in the region. Dusky sharks do not typically consume eastern oysters but do consume cownose rays, which are the main predators of the oysters.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Declines in the regional abundance of dusky sharks’ prey other than cownose rays are associated with regional declines in dusky shark abundance.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Eastern oyster abundance tends to be greater in areas with both dusky sharks and cownose rays than in areas with only dusky sharks.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Consumption of eastern oysters by cownose rays in the region substantially increased before the regional decline in dusky shark abundance began.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Cownose rays have increased in regional abundance as dusky sharks have decreased in regional abundance.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis about the connection between the dusky shark population decline and the eastern oyster population decline. The text indicates that although dusky sharks don’t usually eat eastern oysters, they do consume cownose rays, which are the main predators of eastern oysters. An increase in the abundance of cownose rays in the region in response to a decline in the abundance of dusky sharks would directly support the researchers’ hypothesis: a higher number of cownose rays would consume more eastern oysters, driving down the oyster population. <br>Choice A is incorrect because a finding that there’s an association between a decline in the regional abundance of some of dusky sharks’ prey and the regional abundance of dusky sharks wouldn’t directly support the researchers’ hypothesis that a decline in dusky sharks has led to a decline in eastern oysters in the region. Although such a finding might help explain why shark abundance has declined, it would reveal nothing about whether the shark decline is related to the oyster decline. Choice B is incorrect because a finding that eastern oyster abundance tends to be greater when dusky sharks and cownose rays are present than when only dusky sharks are present wouldn’t support the researchers’ hypothesis that a decline in dusky sharks has led to a decline in eastern oysters in the region. The text indicates that the sharks prey on the rays, which are the main predators of the oysters; if oyster abundance is found to be greater when rays are present than when rays are absent, that would suggest that rays aren’t keeping oyster abundance down, and thus that a decline in rays’ predators, which would be expected to lead to an increase in the abundance of rays, wouldn’t bring about a decline in oyster abundance as the researchers hypothesize. Choice C is incorrect because a finding that consumption of eastern oysters by cownose rays increased substantially before dusky sharks declined in regional abundance wouldn’t support the researchers’ hypothesis that the decline in dusky sharks has led to a decline in eastern oysters in the region. Such a finding would suggest that some factor other than shark abundance led to an increase in rays’ consumption of oysters and thus to a decrease in oyster abundance, thereby weakening the researchers’ hypothesis.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "c83e0b43",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather depicts Alexandra Bergson as a person who takes comfort in understanding the world around her: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“She looked fixedly up the bleak street as if she were gathering her strength to face something, as if she were trying with all her might to grasp a situation which, no matter how painful, must be met and dealt with somehow.“",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass had been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere, with the quail and the plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the future stirring.“",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Alexandra drew her shawl closer about her and stood leaning against the frame of the mill, looking at the stars which glittered so keenly through the frosty autumn air. She always loved to watch them, to think of their vastness and distance, and of their ordered march. It fortified her to reflect upon the great operations of nature, and when she thought of the law that lay behind them, she felt a sense of personal security.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it most effectively uses a quotation from O Pioneers! to illustrate the claim that Alexandra Bergson takes comfort in understanding the world around her. In the quotation, Alexandra is described as enjoying looking at the stars and feeling a “sense of personal security” when she contemplates nature’s order and its governing laws. This suggests that Alexandra takes comfort in understanding the world around her. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the quotation expresses how Alexandra Bergson attempts to meet difficult situations with determination, not how she takes comfort in understanding the world around her. Choice B is incorrect because the quotation expresses “how much the country meant to” Alexandra Bergson, not how she takes comfort in understanding the world around her. In detailing some of the wildlife surrounding Alexandra, the quotation conveys that nature is important to her but not necessarily that it gives her comfort. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation describes Alexandra driving her wagon down a highway at night; it doesn’t describe how she takes comfort in understanding the world around her or address how she’s feeling as she drives off.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ccb1ab92",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>Research suggests that REM sleep in animals is homeostatically regulated: animals compensate for periods of REM sleep deprivation by increasing subsequent REM sleep. When on land, fur seals get enough REM sleep, but during the weeks they’re in the water, they get almost none. In a study of fur seals’ sleep habits, researchers recorded the REM sleep (as a percentage of baseline) of fur seals once they had returned to land. They concluded that REM sleep may not be homeostatically regulated in fur seals, citing as evidence the fact that the seals in the study ______blank",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "didn’t show significantly less REM sleep during the second day after returning to land than they did during the first day.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "showed no significant differences from one another in baseline levels of REM sleep.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "didn’t consistently demonstrate a significant increase in REM sleep after their period of deprivation in the water.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "showed no significant difference between REM sleep after returning to land and REM sleep while in the water.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer. If REM sleep were homeostatically regulated in fur seals, then all the seals would compensate with REM levels significantly over baseline after going weeks without REM. We’d also expect the seals to maintain those elevated REM levels for some time. Since seals B and C return very quickly to baseline REM levels, this suggests that REM sleep in fur seals may not be regulated homeostatically. <br>Choice A is incorrect. This doesn’t support the conclusion. If REM sleep were homeostatically regulated in fur seals, then we’d suspect the seals to sustain REM levels well above baseline for a prolonged period in order to compensate for weeks of REM deprivation while in the water. Whether or not there’s a reduction in REM sleep from day 1 to day 2 doesn’t tell us how REM sleep on those days relates to baseline, which is where our focus should be. Choice B is incorrect. The y-axis of this graph doesn’t depict baseline levels of REM sleep, but rather shows REM sleep as a percent of baseline. Choice D is incorrect. The graph doesn’t depict REM sleep while in the water for the seals in the study. Additionally, we’re told fur seals get no REM sleep while in the water, which is significantly different to the values shown in the graph for after they return to land.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/ccb1ab92_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "d102706f",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Estimates of Tyrannosaurid Bite Force<br>StudyYearEstimation methodApproximate bite force (newtons)Cost et al.2019muscular and skeletal modeling35,000–63,000Gignac and Erickson2017tooth-bone interaction analysis8,000–34,000Meers2002body-mass scaling183,000–235,000Bates and Falkingham2012muscular and skeletal modeling35,000–57,000<br>The largest tyrannosaurids—the family of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes Tarbosaurus, Albertosaurus, and, most famously, Tyrannosaurus rex—are thought to have had the strongest bites of any land animals in Earth’s history. Determining the bite force of extinct animals can be difficult, however, and paleontologists Paul Barrett and Emily Rayfield have suggested that an estimate of dinosaur bite force may be significantly influenced by the methodology used in generating that estimate.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The study by Meers used body-mass scaling and produced the lowest estimated maximum bite force, while the study by Cost et al. used muscular and skeletal modeling and produced the highest estimated maximum.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "In their study, Gignac and Erickson used tooth-bone interaction analysis to produce an estimated bite force range with a minimum of 8,000 newtons and a maximum of 34,000 newtons.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The bite force estimates produced by Bates and Falkingham and by Cost et al. were similar to each other, while the estimates produced by Meers and by Gignac and Erickson each differed substantially from any other estimate.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The estimated maximum bite force produced by Cost et al. exceeded the estimated maximum produced by Bates and Falkingham, even though both groups of researchers used the same method to generate their estimates.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "C",
    explanation:
      "Choice C is the best answer because it accurately describes data from the table that support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion about bite force estimates. According to the text, Barrett and Rayfield believe that estimates of dinosaur bite force may be strongly influenced by the methods used to produce them—that is, that different methods may produce significantly different results. The table shows that the studies by Bates and Falkingham and by Cost et al. used the same estimation method (muscular and skeletal modeling) and produced similar bite force estimates (approximately 35,000–57,000 newtons and 35,000–63,000 newtons, respectively). The study by Meers, however, used body-mass scaling and produced a much higher bite force estimate (183,000–235,000 newtons), while the study by Gignac and Erickson used tooth-bone interaction analysis and produced a much lower bite force estimate (8,000–34,000 newtons). The fact that one method produced similar estimates in two different studies and that two different methods used in other studies produced substantially different estimates supports the idea that dinosaur bite force estimates are significantly influenced by the methodology used to produce them. <br>Choice A is incorrect because it inaccurately describes data from the table. The table does show that the studies by Meers and by Cost et al. used different estimation methods and produced very different ranges of estimated dinosaur bite force, which would support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion that different methodologies may produce significantly different estimates. However, the table doesn’t show that the study by Meers produced the lowest estimated maximum bite force while the study by Cost et al. produced the highest. In fact, the study by Meers estimated a maximum bite force of approximately 235,000 newtons, which is the highest of all the estimated maximums. Choice B is incorrect. Although the data from Gignac and Ericson’s study are accurately described, a single set of findings from one study using only one methodology can’t show that different methodologies may produce significantly different dinosaur bite force estimates, as Barrett and Rayfield suggest. Choice D is incorrect. Although the table shows that the maximum bite force estimated by Cost et al. was higher than that estimated by Bates and Falkingham, the difference is relatively small; in fact, both teams estimated a minimum bite force of approximately 35,000 newtons and a maximum bite force close to approximately 60,000 newtons. Because these findings demonstrate that a single methodology (muscular and skeletal modeling) produced similar overall results in two studies, the findings don’t support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion that different methodologies may produce significantly different dinosaur bite force estimates.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "dc87adf4",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Barchester Towers is an 1857 novel by Anthony Trollope. In the novel, Trollope’s portrayal of Dr. Proudie underscores the character’s exaggerated sense of his own abilities: ______blank</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from Barchester Towers most effectively illustrates the claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“It must not…be taken as proved that Dr. Proudie was a man of great mental powers, or even of much capacity for business, for such qualities had not been required in him.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“<strong>Dr. Proudie</strong> was comparatively young, and had, as he fondly flattered himself, been selected as possessing such gifts, natural and acquired, as must be sure to recommend him to a yet higher notice.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“<strong>Dr. Proudie’s</strong> residence in the metropolis, rendered necessary by duties thus entrusted to him, his high connexions, and the peculiar talents and nature of the man, recommended him to persons in power.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“<strong>Dr. Proudie</strong> was certainly possessed of sufficient tact to answer the purpose for which he was required without making himself troublesome.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      'Choice B is the best answer. In this quotation, Dr. Proudie is described as "fondly flatter<strong>ing</strong> himself" that he has gifts that "must be sure to recommend him to a yet higher notice." In other words, he expects his skills to push him to greater fame and success. This implies an exaggerated sense of his own abilities, which matches the claim we’re trying to support.<br>Choice A is incorrect. This quotation doesn’t describe Proudie’s view of himself, nor does it paint him in an especially flattering light. Instead, by saying his mental powers and business skill are not "proved," it implies that he is actually dim-witted and bad at business. Choice C is incorrect. This choice describes Proudie’s closeness to power and importance, but it doesn’t show what Proudie thinks of himself. Proudie is not describing himself or his abilities here. The narrator is. Choice D is incorrect. While this quotation offers Proudie very mild praise, it doesn’t show what Proudie thinks of himself or his own abilities, which is what the claim focuses on.',
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "dd1757fd",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Neural networks are computer models intended to reflect the organization of human brains and are often used in studies of brain function. According to an analysis of 11,000 such networks, Rylan Schaeffer and colleagues advise caution when drawing conclusions about brains from observations of neural networks. They found that when attempting to mimic grid cells (brain cells used in navigation), while 90% of the networks could accomplish navigation-related tasks, only about 10% of those exhibited any behaviors similar to those of grid cells. But even this approximation of grid-cell activity has less to do with similarity between the neural networks and biological brains than it does with the rules programmed into the networks.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most directly support the claim in the underlined sentence?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The rules that allow for networks to exhibit behaviors like those of grid cells have no equivalent in the function of biological brains.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The networks that do not exhibit behaviors like those of grid cells were nonetheless programmed with rules that had proven useful in earlier neural-network studies.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Neural networks can often accomplish tasks that biological brains do, but they are typically programmed with rules to model multiple types of brain cells simultaneously.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "Once a neural network is programmed, it is trained on certain tasks to see if it can independently arrive at processes that are similar to those performed by biological brains.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer. While many networks can perform navigation tasks, or even mimic grid cells, it doesn’t mean they’re actually behaving like biological brains—this finding suggests that the rules that govern neural network behavior are completely unlike the way real brains work. <br>Choice B is incorrect. Although it mentions the rules that are programmed into the networks, this finding wouldn’t clarify whether or not these rules have anything to do with the function of biological brains. Choice C is incorrect. This choice suggests that neural networks are modeled after multiple types of brain cells, which sidesteps the question of whether these rule-based networks are genuinely similar to biological brains. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t address the key point of the claim, which is that the apparent similarity between neural networks and biological brains is only due to the rules programmed into the networks. It focuses on training tasks, not the originally programmed rules.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "df37c087",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<br>The data for the 3 categories are as follows:<br><br>Ultra-Fast Robot Hand: 505 grams<br>Permanent Magnet Hand: 295 grams<br>Yale Model T: 490 grams<br><br>Aerial robots vary considerably in their holding force; the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand, for example, has a holding force of 56 newtons, more than twice that of the Permanent Magnet Hand and more than four times that of the Yale Model T. Since an aerial robot must lift its own weight along with its cargo, engineer Jiawei Meng and colleagues used a ratio of each robot’s holding force to the robot’s weight to calculate payload capacity, with higher ratios corresponding to greater capacity, concluding that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher payload capacity than the Yale Model T.",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Meng and colleagues’ conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T each weigh more than 450 grams.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T each weigh more than the Permanent Magnet Hand does.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "The Yale Model T has a lower holding force than the Permanent Magnet Hand despite weighing more.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand weighs only slightly more than the Yale Model T does.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it describes data in the graph that support Meng and colleagues’ conclusion that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher payload capacity than the Yale Model T. According to the text, payload capacity is calculated by using a ratio of a robot’s holding force to the robot’s weight, and higher ratios indicate a greater payload capacity. The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a holding force of 56 newtons, four times greater than that of the Yale Model T. Additionally, the graph shows that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a weight of approximately 500 grams, slightly more than the Yale Model T’s weight of approximately 480 grams. Therefore, the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher ratio of holding force to weight than the Yale Model T. Since higher ratios correspond to greater payload capacity, the information from the graph indicating that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand weighs only slightly more than the Yale Model T combined with the information in the text ultimately supports the conclusion that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher payload capacity than the Yale Model T. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although, according to the graph, it’s true that both the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T weigh more than 450 grams, this statement doesn’t support Meng and colleagues’ conclusion that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher payload capacity than the Yale Model T. This statement emphasizes a similarity, not a distinction, between the two robots. Choice B is incorrect. Although, according to the graph, it’s true that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T both weigh more than the Permanent Magnet Hand does, this statement doesn’t support Meng and colleagues’ conclusion that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher payload capacity than the Yale Model T. This statement emphasizes a similarity, not a distinction, between the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T. Furthermore, the comparison to the Permanent Magnet Hand is irrelevant to the claim about the relative ratios and payload capacities of the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T. Choice C is incorrect. Although the text states that the Yale Model T has a lower holding force than the Permanent Magnet Hand, the graph provides no information about holding force. Moreover,  information about the Permanent Magnet Hand is irrelevant to the conclusion by Meng and colleagues, which only concerns the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T.",
    hasFigure: true,
    figureUrl: "/practice-images/df37c087_svg1.svg",
  },
  {
    id: "df91532e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>In the “language nest” model of education, Indigenous children learn the language of their people by using it as the medium of instruction and socialization at pre-K or elementary levels. In their 2016 study of a school in an Anishinaabe community in Ontario, Canada, scholars Lindsay Morcom and Stephanie Roy (who are Anishinaabe themselves) found that the model not only imparted fluency in the Anishinaabe language but also enhanced students’ pride in Anishinaabe culture overall. Given these positive effects, Morcom and Roy predict that the model increases the probability that as adults, former students of the school will transmit the language to younger generations in their community.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the researchers’ prediction?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Anishinaabe adults who didn’t attend the school feel roughly the same degree of cultural pride as the former students of the school feel.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "After transferring to the school, new students experience an increase in both fluency and academic performance overall.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "As adults, former students of the school are just as likely to continue living in their community as individuals who didn’t attend the school.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "As they complete secondary and higher education, former students of the school experience no loss of fluency or cultural pride.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would support the researchers’ prediction about the language nest model of education. The text states that Morcom and Roy studied the effects of the language nest model of education on students at an Anishinaabe school, and they found that the model—which is used with students during pre-K or elementary school—increased students’ fluency in the Anishinaabe language and pride in Anishinaabe culture. The researchers predicted that the students’ positive early experiences with the Anishinaabe language would lead them to be more likely to later share the language with younger generations. If former students maintain full fluency and cultural pride after finishing secondary and higher education, it follows that they would be both able and motivated to share what they know with others; this would likely result in a higher probability of transmitting the language to younger generations, as the researchers predict. <br>Choice A is incorrect because finding that Anishinaabe adults who didn’t attend the school feel approximately the same degree of cultural pride as those adults who did attend wouldn’t support the researchers’ prediction that former students will be more likely to share their knowledge with younger generations. This finding would identify a similarity between the groups rather than a factor that might make former students more likely than other adults to transmit the language to younger people. Choice B is incorrect because finding that new students experience increased performance in language fluency and academics would suggest that the school has a positive effect on students when they attended but wouldn’t reveal anything about those students’ later actions as adults (such as their likelihood of sharing their knowledge with younger generations). Choice C is incorrect because finding that Anishinaabe adults who attended the school are equally likely to stay in the community as adults who didn’t attend the school wouldn’t support the researchers’ prediction that former students will be more likely to share their knowledge with younger generations. This finding would identify a similarity between the groups rather than a factor that might make former students more likely than other adults to transmit the language to younger people.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "df9c5a1d",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Juvenile Plants Found Growing on Bare Ground and in Patches of Vegetation for Five Species<br>SpeciesBare groundPatches of vegetationTotalPercent found in patches of vegetationT. moroderi9132259.1%T. libanitis8312020359.1%H. syriacim9510620152.7%H. squamatum21832153959.6%H. stoechas11122352.2%<br>Alicia Montesinos-Navarro, Isabelle Storer, and Rocío Perez-Barrales recently examined several plots within a diverse plant community in southeast Spain. The researchers calculated that if individual plants were randomly distributed on this particular landscape, only about 15% would be with other plants in patches of vegetation. They counted the number of juvenile plants of five species growing in patches of vegetation and the number growing alone on bare ground and compared those numbers to what would be expected if the plants were randomly distributed. Based on these results, they claim that plants of these species that grow in close proximity to other plants gain an advantage at an early developmental stage.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "For all five species, less than 75% of juvenile plants were growing in patches of vegetation.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "The species with the greatest number of juvenile plants growing in patches of vegetation was H. stoechas.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "For T. libanitis and T. moroderi, the percentage of juvenile plants growing in patches of vegetation was less than what would be expected if plants were randomly distributed.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "For each species, the percentage of juvenile plants growing in patches of vegetation was substantially higher than what would be expected if plants were randomly distributed.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it provides the most direct support from the table for the claim that the plants growing in close proximity to other plants gained an advantage at an early developmental stage. The table shows the total number of juvenile plants from five species that were found growing on bare ground and in patches of vegetation as well as the percentage of the total number of each species that were growing in patches of vegetation. For each of the five species, more than 50% of the juvenile plants were growing in patches of vegetation. The text notes, however, that a random distribution of plants across the landscape should result in only about 15% of the plants being found in patches of vegetation. In other words, for each of the five species, the percentage of juvenile plants found growing in patches of vegetation was substantially higher than could be explained by chance alone. This finding supports the claim in the text: if plants growing in patches are overrepresented among plants that have survived to the juvenile stage, as the data show they are, then it suggests that it’s advantageous for plants at an early stage of development to grow in patches of vegetation.  <br>Choice A is incorrect because the statement that less than 75% of juvenile plants were found growing in patches of vegetation, while true, doesn’t clearly support the claim that the plants growing in close proximity to other plants gained an advantage at an early developmental stage. Saying that less than 75% of plants were found in patches doesn’t indicate how the percentage growing in patches compares with the percentage that would be expected to grow in patches on the basis of chance alone, which is the information necessary to evaluate whether the claim in the text has support in the table. Put another way, if the percentage of plants found growing in patches was 15% or less, it would be true that less than 75% were found in patches, but the data would in fact weaken the claim in the text, not strengthen it, since the data would show that growing in patches wasn’t advantageous. Choice B is incorrect because only 12 plants of this species were found growing in patches, which was the lowest number of any species, not the greatest number. Additionally, even if it were true that this species had the greatest number of plants growing in patches, the finding would be irrelevant to the claim that plants of all five species gained an advantage by growing in close proximity to other plants. Choice C is incorrect because 59.1% of the plants of these species were found growing in patches, which is a far greater percentage, not a lower percentage, than what would be expected if plants were randomly distributed (around 15%). Additionally, if it were true that the percentage of plants growing in patches was lower for these species than what would be expected from chance alone, that finding would weaken, not strengthen, the claim that growing in patches is advantageous.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "e946a32e",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Boldly mixing elements of poetry, fiction, drama, philosophy, and manifesto, Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi creates cross-genre literature that explores themes such as immigration and independence. Her works have inspired responses from individuals across different fields and in a wide range of formats, from musical compositions and a comic book to architecture and furniture design. In an essay, a student asserts that the production of these diverse creations by others is reflective of Braschi’s own approach to crafting literature.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from a scholarly review of Braschi’s work best supports the student’s claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“Braschi is the focus of a 2020 collection of essays in which fifteen scholars from seven different countries delved into the linguistic and structural patterns of her writings.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“Braschi’s eagerness to push boundaries and blend genres within literature invites us to consider how other art forms might also engage with literature.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Before settling in New York City, where she would go on to become a college professor, Braschi studied both literature and philosophy in several cities around the world.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“In addition to her creative literary works, Braschi has produced academic pieces analyzing writings by Miguel de Cervantes, Federico García Lorca, and other authors.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "B",
    explanation:
      "Choice B is the best answer because it presents the quotation that best supports the student’s claim about Braschi. By describing how Braschi’s blending of genres invites her audience to think about how other art forms could also engage with literature, the quotation supports the idea that the diversity of responses to Braschi’s work reflects Braschi’s own approach to creating literature. <br>Choice A is incorrect because the quotation describes scholars from different countries writing essays about Braschi’s use of language in her writings; it doesn’t address how Braschi’s creation of cross-genre literature inspires diverse types of responses, which is the claim the student makes. Choice C is incorrect because the quotation focuses on the fact that Braschi studied in several different cities, which doesn’t address the student’s claim that Braschi’s creation of cross-genre literature inspires diverse types of responses. Choice D is incorrect because the quotation lists some of the authors who Braschi has written academic works about, which is irrelevant to the student’s claim that Braschi’s creation of cross-genre literature inspires diverse types of responses.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "ec93e52c",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>Archaeologist Petra Vaiglova, anthropologist Xinyi Liu, and their colleagues investigated the domestication of farm animals in China during the Bronze Age (approximately 2000 to 1000 BCE). By analyzing the chemical composition of the bones of sheep, goats, and cattle from this era, the team determined that wild plants made up the bulk of sheep’s and goats’ diets, while the cattle’s diet consisted largely of millet, a crop cultivated by humans. The team concluded that cattle were likely raised closer to human settlements, whereas sheep and goats were allowed to roam farther away.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the team’s conclusion?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "Analysis of the animal bones showed that the cattle’s diet also consisted of wheat, which humans widely cultivated in China during the Bronze Age.",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "Further investigation of sheep and goat bones revealed that their diets consisted of small portions of millet as well.",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "Cattle’s diets generally require larger amounts of food and a greater variety of nutrients than do sheep’s and goats’ diets.",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "The diets of sheep, goats, and cattle were found to vary based on what the farmers in each Bronze Age settlement could grow.",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "A",
    explanation:
      "Choice A is the best answer because it presents a finding that, if true, would most strongly support the team’s conclusion that cattle were likely raised closer to human settlements than sheep and goats were. The text explains that Vaiglova, Liu, and their colleagues analyzed the chemical composition of sheep, goat, and cattle bones from the Bronze Age in China in order to investigate the animals’ domestication, or their adaptation from a wild state to a state in which they existed in close connection with humans. According to the text, the team’s analysis showed that sheep and goats of the era fed largely on wild plants, whereas cattle fed on millet—importantly, a crop cultivated by humans. If analysis of the animal bones shows that the cattle’s diet also consisted of wheat, another crop cultivated by humans in China during the Bronze Age, the finding would support the team’s conclusion by offering additional evidence that cattle during this era fed on human-grown crops—and, by extension, that humans raised cattle relatively close to the settlements where they grew these crops, leaving goats and sheep to roam farther away in areas with wild vegetation, uncultivated by humans. <br>Choice B is incorrect because if it were true that sheep’s and goats’ diets consisted of small portions of millet, which the text states was a crop cultivated by humans, the finding would suggest that sheep and goats were raised relatively close to human settlements, weakening the team’s conclusion that cattle were likely raised closer to those settlements than sheep and goats were. Choice C is incorrect because the finding that cattle generally require more food and nutrients than do sheep and goats wouldn’t support the team’s conclusion that cattle were likely raised closer to human settlements than sheep and goats were. Nothing in the text suggests that cattle were incapable of obtaining sufficient food and nutrients without access to human-grown crops. Hence, even if cattle’s diets are found to have different requirements than the diets of sheep and goats, the cattle could have met those requirements from food located far from human settlements. Choice D is incorrect because if it were true that the diets of sheep, goats, and cattle varied based on what the farmers in each Bronze Age settlement could grow, the finding would weaken the team’s conclusion that cattle were likely raised closer to human settlements than sheep and goats were, suggesting instead that all three types of animals were raised close enough to human settlements to feed on those settlements’ crops.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
  {
    id: "f9c4bdab",
    type: "mcq",
    passage:
      "<p>A student is writing a paper about One Night in Miami..., a 2020 film directed by Regina King and written by Kemp Powers. Powers adapted the film’s screenplay from his 2013 play, which he wrote after learning about a 1964 meeting that took place in Miami, Florida, between four prominent figures of the Civil Rights movement: Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, Jim Brown, and Sam Cooke. The student claims that although Powers was inspired by this meeting, the film is best understood not as a precise retelling of historical events but rather as a largely imagined but informed representation of them.</p>",
    questionHtml:
      "Which quotation from an article about One Night in Miami... would be the most effective evidence for the student to include in support of this claim?",
    choices: [
      {
        label: "A",
        text: "“When Powers learned of the meeting, he initially planned to write a much longer work about its four famous participants rather than focusing on the meeting itself.”",
      },
      {
        label: "B",
        text: "“One Night in Miami... received numerous awards and nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Powers for Best Adapted Screenplay.”",
      },
      {
        label: "C",
        text: "“Powers has described One Night in Miami... as the story of four friends encouraging and supporting one another while engaged in a crucial political debate about how best to achieve equality for Black people in the United States.”",
      },
      {
        label: "D",
        text: "“Powers could find only the most superficial historical details about the meeting, so he read extensively about the four individuals and their thinking at the time in an effort to portray what might have happened between them.”",
      },
    ],
    correctAnswer: "D",
    explanation:
      "Choice D is the best answer because it provides a quotation that effectively supports the student’s claim about the film One Night in Miami…. The quotation states that in researching the play on which the film was based, Kemp Powers only found superficial details about what actually happened during the 1964 meeting in Miami between four leading Civil Rights leaders, meaning that there is very little information about the meeting in the historical record. In the absence of greater details, it wouldn’t have been possible for the film to be a precise retelling of the historical events it depicts. The quotation explains that to compensate for this lack of information about the meeting, Powers did extensive research into the four figures and how they thought at the time in order to speculate in an informed way about what they might have said or what might have occurred between them. Therefore, the quotation effectively supports the claim that the film is best understood not as a precise retelling of a historical event but as a deeply informed imaginative rendering of that event. <br>Choice A is incorrect. Although the quotation discusses how on learning about the 1964 meeting in Miami, Powers was inspired to write a play and, later, to adapt it into a screenplay, it doesn’t discuss Powers’s approach to representing what had occurred in the meeting. Instead, it states that Powers didn’t initially plan to write a story only “focusing on the meeting itself” but rather had considered writing a “much longer” and more expansive work about the meeting’s four participants. Choice B is incorrect because the quotation doesn’t discuss Powers’s approach to representing historical events in his play and in the film; instead, the quotation focuses on the film’s positive critical reception by mentioning that it received numerous awards and nominations. Choice C is incorrect. Although the quotation references historical events that are discussed directly in the play and film by explaining how the four historical figures featured in the story engage in political debates about contemporary issues, it doesn’t specify to what extent Powers’s representation of what occurred during the 1964 meeting in Miami is a factual retelling of what happened and how much is an imaginative rendering of what might have happened. Rather, the quotation focuses on Powers’s description of the film’s basic premise and how the characters engage with the historical context of its setting.",
    hasFigure: false,
  },
];
