652 lines
28 KiB
TypeScript
652 lines
28 KiB
TypeScript
import React, { useRef, useState, useEffect } from "react";
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import { Check, BookOpen, Lightbulb, Zap, Target } from "lucide-react";
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import { PracticeFromDataset } from "../../../components/lessons/LessonShell";
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import {
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INFERENCES_EASY,
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INFERENCES_MEDIUM,
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} from "../../../data/rw/inferences";
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import EvidenceHunterWidget, {
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type EvidenceExercise,
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} from "../../../components/lessons/EvidenceHunterWidget";
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import RevealCardGrid, {
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type RevealCard,
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} from "../../../components/lessons/RevealCardGrid";
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import useScrollReveal from "../../../components/lessons/useScrollReveal";
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interface LessonProps {
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onFinish?: () => void;
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}
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/* ── Data for RevealCardGrid widgets ── */
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const INFERENCE_TYPES: RevealCard[] = [
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{
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label: "Valid / Necessary",
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sublabel: "CORRECT on SAT",
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content:
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"Must be true if the stated evidence is true. Example: If 14% of earthquakes are supershear → 86% are NOT supershear.",
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},
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{
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label: "Possible / Speculative",
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sublabel: "WRONG on SAT",
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content:
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'Could be true, but might not be; goes further than the evidence. Example: "Researchers must want more funding" — not stated.',
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},
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{
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label: "Contradicted",
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sublabel: "WRONG on SAT",
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content:
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'Directly conflicts with stated evidence. Example: "Exercise improves fitness equally for all" when passage says otherwise.',
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},
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{
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label: "Real-world true but unsupported",
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sublabel: "WRONG on SAT",
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content:
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"True in reality but not implied by the passage. The SAT only rewards what the text guarantees.",
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},
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{
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label: "Half-valid",
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sublabel: "WRONG on SAT",
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content:
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"First part follows from the evidence, but the second part goes beyond what the evidence requires.",
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},
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];
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const CHAIN_ERRORS: RevealCard[] = [
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{
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label: "Stopping too early",
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content:
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'Stopping at the finding rather than the conclusion (e.g., stopping at "feldspar was found" rather than following its implication for the competing theories).',
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},
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{
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label: "Skipping a step",
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content:
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"Jumping to a conclusion that goes further than the chain allows by skipping an intermediate logical step.",
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},
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{
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label: "Scope confusion",
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content:
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"The chain applies to one specific region or group, but the answer makes a universal claim about all regions or groups.",
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},
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{
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label: "Time assumption",
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content:
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"The evidence describes a current or past state, and the answer makes a claim about a future state without justification.",
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},
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];
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const EVIDENCE_EXERCISES: EvidenceExercise[] = [
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{
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question:
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"Based on the passage, which sentence provides the strongest basis for inferring that Dr. Patel's research contradicts established scientific consensus?",
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passage: [
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"Dr. Patel has spent fifteen years studying migration patterns of monarch butterflies.",
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"Her field stations span the entire North American flyway, from Canada to Mexico.",
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"She has published 47 peer-reviewed papers, each building on data collected across multiple seasons.",
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"Her most recent paper challenges the assumption that butterflies navigate primarily by magnetic fields.",
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"Instead, she proposes that polarized light plays a more significant role than previously recognized.",
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],
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evidenceIndex: 3,
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explanation:
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'Sentence 4 is the basis for inferring contradiction with consensus. The word "challenges" indicates Dr. Patel is actively contradicting an established "assumption." This makes the inference valid — not speculation — because the passage directly states she is challenging the field.',
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},
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{
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question:
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"Which sentence provides the strongest basis for inferring that the plastic bag ban had unintended consequences?",
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passage: [
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"In 2015, the city council banned plastic bags at all grocery stores.",
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"The ban was intended to reduce plastic waste in local waterways.",
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"Plastic bag litter in rivers decreased by 40% in the first year.",
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"However, sales of heavier-gauge trash bags increased by 350% over the same period.",
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"Environmental analysts noted that thick trash bags contain more plastic by weight than the thin bags they replaced.",
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],
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evidenceIndex: 3,
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explanation:
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"Sentence 4 is the evidence of the unintended consequence — a massive surge in heavier plastic bag purchases. Combined with sentence 5, it implies total plastic use may have increased, the opposite of the ban's stated goal.",
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},
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];
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const EBRWInferencesLesson: React.FC<LessonProps> = ({ onFinish }) => {
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const [activeSection, setActiveSection] = useState(0);
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const sectionsRef = useRef<(HTMLElement | null)[]>([]);
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useEffect(() => {
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const observers: IntersectionObserver[] = [];
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sectionsRef.current.forEach((el, idx) => {
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if (!el) return;
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const obs = new IntersectionObserver(
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([entry]) => {
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if (entry.isIntersecting) setActiveSection(idx);
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},
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{ threshold: 0.3 },
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);
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obs.observe(el);
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observers.push(obs);
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});
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return () => observers.forEach((o) => o.disconnect());
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}, []);
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useScrollReveal();
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const scrollToSection = (index: number) => {
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setActiveSection(index);
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sectionsRef.current[index]?.scrollIntoView({ behavior: "smooth" });
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};
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const SectionMarker = ({
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index,
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title,
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icon: Icon,
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}: {
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index: number;
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title: string;
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icon: React.ElementType;
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}) => {
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const isActive = activeSection === index;
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const isPast = activeSection > index;
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return (
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<button
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onClick={() => scrollToSection(index)}
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className={`flex items-center gap-3 p-3 w-full rounded-lg text-left transition-all ${isActive ? "bg-teal-50" : "hover:bg-slate-50"}`}
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>
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<div
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className={`w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center shrink-0
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${isActive ? "bg-teal-600 text-white" : isPast ? "bg-teal-400 text-white" : "bg-slate-200 text-slate-500"}`}
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>
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{isPast ? (
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<Check className="w-4 h-4" />
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) : (
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// @ts-ignore
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<Icon className="w-4 h-4" />
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)}
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</div>
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<p
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className={`text-sm font-bold ${isActive ? "text-teal-900" : "text-slate-600"}`}
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>
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{title}
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</p>
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</button>
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);
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};
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return (
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<div className="flex flex-col lg:flex-row min-h-screen">
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<aside className="w-full lg:w-64 lg:fixed lg:top-14 lg:bottom-0 lg:overflow-y-auto p-4 border-r border-slate-200 bg-slate-50 z-0 hidden lg:block">
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<nav className="space-y-2 pt-6">
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<SectionMarker index={0} title="Valid Inferences" icon={BookOpen} />
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<SectionMarker
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index={1}
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title="Inference Patterns"
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icon={Lightbulb}
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/>
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<SectionMarker index={2} title="Inference Tracker" icon={Target} />
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<SectionMarker index={3} title="Practice Questions" icon={Zap} />
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</nav>
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</aside>
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<div className="flex-1 lg:ml-64 md:p-12 max-w-full mx-auto">
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{/* Section 0 — Valid Inferences */}
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<section
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ref={(el) => {
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sectionsRef.current[0] = el;
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}}
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className="min-h-screen flex flex-col justify-center mb-24 pt-20 lg:pt-0"
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>
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<div className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 bg-teal-100 text-teal-700 px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-wider mb-4 w-fit">
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Information & Ideas — Domain 2
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</div>
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<h2 className="text-4xl font-extrabold text-slate-900 mb-2">
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Inferences
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</h2>
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<p className="text-lg text-slate-500 mb-8">
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A valid inference MUST be true based on the passage — not merely
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possible, plausible, or consistent.
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</p>
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{/* Core Concept — now with RevealCardGrid */}
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<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-1 bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8">
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<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-teal-900 mb-2">
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The Core Concept — What Makes an Inference Valid?
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</h3>
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<p className="text-sm text-slate-700 mb-4">
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A valid inference is a statement that MUST be true if the evidence
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is true. It cannot merely be likely, plausible, or consistent. The
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SAT rewards only conclusions that necessarily follow from what is
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stated.
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</p>
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<RevealCardGrid
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cards={INFERENCE_TYPES}
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columns={3}
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accentColor="teal"
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/>
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</div>
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{/* 3-Step Text Completion Process */}
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<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-2 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8 bg-white border border-slate-200 space-y-4">
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<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-slate-900">
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The 3-Step Text Completion Process
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</h3>
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<p className="text-sm text-slate-600">
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Text completion questions present a short passage followed by a
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blank at the end, asking "Which choice most logically completes
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the text?" The correct answer NECESSARILY follows from the stated
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evidence — not merely the most interesting or plausible
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continuation.
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</p>
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<div className="bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-teal-800 text-sm mb-2">
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Universal Method for All Inference Questions
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</p>
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<div className="space-y-2">
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{[
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[
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"1",
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"IDENTIFY the key claim or evidence (usually in the 1–2 sentences before the blank). Write it in 3–6 words on scratch paper.",
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],
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[
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"2",
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'WORK OUT the implication: "If this is true, what MUST also be true?" Do this BEFORE looking at answers. Even one word helps.',
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],
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[
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"3",
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"MATCH the answer: look for the option that says the same thing as your implication, possibly using different words, negation, or synonyms.",
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],
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].map(([n, text]) => (
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<div key={n} className="flex gap-2">
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<span className="w-5 h-5 rounded-full bg-teal-600 text-white flex items-center justify-center text-xs font-bold shrink-0">
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{n}
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</span>
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<p className="text-xs text-slate-700">{text}</p>
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</div>
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))}
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</div>
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</div>
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<div className="bg-amber-50 border border-amber-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-amber-800 text-sm mb-1">
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WHY THIS MATTERS
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</p>
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<p className="text-xs text-slate-700">
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If you look at answer choices before working out the
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implication, you are vulnerable to speculation traps — answers
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that sound plausible because they extend the idea in a
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reasonable direction, but go further than the evidence requires.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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{/* Section 1 — Inference Patterns */}
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<section
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ref={(el) => {
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sectionsRef.current[1] = el;
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}}
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className="min-h-screen flex flex-col justify-center mb-24"
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>
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<h2 className="text-4xl font-extrabold text-slate-900 mb-2">
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Inference Patterns
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</h2>
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<p className="text-lg text-slate-500 mb-8">
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The four core patterns, speculation traps, double negatives, and
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multi-step chains.
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</p>
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{/* 6A — 4 Core Patterns */}
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<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-1 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8 bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 space-y-4">
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<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-teal-900">
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The Four Core Valid Inference Patterns
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</h3>
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<div className="space-y-4">
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{[
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{
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num: 1,
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pattern: "Negation / Contrapositive",
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rule: "If only X has property Y, then everything that is not-X must lack property Y. This works in both directions.",
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examples: [
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"If 14% of earthquakes are supershear events → 86% are NOT supershear events.",
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"If a phenomenon occurs ONLY during slow-wave sleep → it does NOT occur during REM sleep.",
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"If researchers focused mostly on land → most data comes from land, therefore they may have undercounted non-land events.",
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],
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},
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{
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num: 2,
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pattern: "Relative Comparison",
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rule: "If X is more than Y, you can restate this as Y is less than X. If X is the most, you can infer that all others are less than X.",
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examples: [
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"If muscular contractions when lowering weights are MOST effective → contractions when raising weights are LESS effective.",
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"If big brown bats emit the most cries → all other species emit fewer cries.",
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"Restatement direction: if the claim is A > B, a valid answer might say B < A.",
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],
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},
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{
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num: 3,
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pattern: "Logical Elimination",
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rule: "When possibilities are listed and most are ruled out, the remaining possibility is the valid inference.",
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examples: [
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"Researchers studied supershear earthquakes mostly on land → they did not study underwater earthquakes → many supershear earthquakes likely occur underwater.",
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"Two theories for Mars's crust: (a) magma ocean or (b) different origin. If feldspar (associated with b) is found → theory (a) alone does not explain the crust.",
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],
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},
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{
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num: 4,
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pattern: "Causal / Consequential Extension",
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rule: "If X causes Y, then applying X to a new situation should produce Y. Removing X should reduce Y.",
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examples: [
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"If replay during slow-wave sleep consolidates memory → dancers who sleep several hours right after learning a routine should remember it better two weeks later.",
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"If hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) reduces exercise response → a drug that lowers blood sugar should improve exercise response.",
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"Apply the mechanism to a new group, new time period, or new scenario — but STAY within the same causal framework.",
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],
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},
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].map((p) => (
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<div
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key={p.num}
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className="card-tilt bg-white border border-slate-200 rounded-xl p-5"
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>
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<div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2">
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<span className="w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-teal-600 text-white flex items-center justify-center text-xs font-bold shrink-0">
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{p.num}
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</span>
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<p className="font-bold text-teal-900">{p.pattern}</p>
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</div>
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<p className="text-sm text-slate-700 mb-2">{p.rule}</p>
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<ul className="space-y-1">
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{p.examples.map((ex, i) => (
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<li
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key={i}
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className="text-xs text-slate-500 bg-slate-50 rounded px-2 py-1 italic"
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>
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• {ex}
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</li>
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))}
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</ul>
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</div>
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))}
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</div>
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</div>
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{/* 6B — Speculation Traps */}
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<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-2 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8 bg-white border border-slate-200 space-y-4">
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<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-slate-900">
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Speculation Traps
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</h3>
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<p className="text-sm text-slate-600">
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Speculation traps are the most common wrong answer type in text
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completions. They go one plausible step too far beyond what the
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evidence necessarily implies.
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</p>
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<div className="grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
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<div className="card-tilt bg-red-50 border border-red-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-red-800 text-sm mb-2">
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How to Identify a Speculation Trap
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</p>
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<ul className="text-xs text-slate-600 space-y-1">
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<li>• The answer could be true but doesn't have to be.</li>
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<li>
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• The answer introduces a new assumption not grounded in the
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passage.
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</li>
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<li>
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• The answer requires you to imagine a scenario the passage
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doesn't describe.
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</li>
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<li>
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• The answer goes from "this happens" to "this is the
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best/only/most effective way."
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div className="card-tilt bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-teal-800 text-sm mb-2">
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Worked Example
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</p>
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<p className="text-xs text-slate-600 mb-2 italic">
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Evidence: Sea turtle conservation focuses on protecting
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hatchlings after they emerge.
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</p>
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<ul className="text-xs space-y-1">
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<li className="text-green-700">
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✓ VALID: Conservation focuses less on hatchlings before they
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emerge.
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</li>
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<li className="text-red-600">
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✗ TRAP: Protecting hatchlings after emergence is the only
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effective method.
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</li>
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<li className="text-red-600">
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✗ TRAP: Pre-emergence protection is more effective.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div className="bg-amber-50 border border-amber-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-amber-800 text-sm mb-1">RULE</p>
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<p className="text-xs text-slate-700">
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The word "only" in an answer choice is almost always a sign of
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over-speculation. Very few things on the SAT are literally "the
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only way." Be very suspicious of absolute claims in answer
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choices.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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{/* 6C — Double Negatives & Second Meanings */}
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<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-3 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8 bg-white border border-slate-200 space-y-4">
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<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-slate-900">
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Double Negatives and Second Meanings in Answer Choices
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</h3>
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<p className="text-sm text-slate-600">
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Inference answer choices frequently use double negatives (which
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create positive meanings) or words in their second meanings. These
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are designed to make correct answers look wrong to careless
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readers.
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</p>
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<div className="grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
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<div className="card-tilt bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-teal-800 text-sm mb-2">
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Double Negative Translations
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</p>
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<ul className="text-xs text-slate-600 space-y-1">
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<li>• "Not impossible" = possible</li>
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<li>• "Not unimportant" = important</li>
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<li>• "Not unlike" = similar</li>
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<li>• "Less harmful" = milder, but still harmful</li>
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<li>• Decode completely before evaluating the answer.</li>
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<li className="italic text-teal-700">
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Strategy: Replace "not un-X" with "X" and "not im-X" with
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"X".
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div className="card-tilt bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 rounded-xl p-4">
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<p className="font-bold text-teal-800 text-sm mb-2">
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Second Meanings to Know
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</p>
|
||
<ul className="text-xs text-slate-600 space-y-1">
|
||
<li>
|
||
• "Qualify" = limit the scope of a claim (not: meet
|
||
requirements)
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>• "Sound" = valid, reliable (not: audio)</li>
|
||
<li>• "Check" = restrain, control (not: verify)</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
• "Economy" = thrift, efficiency (not: the financial system)
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>• "Reserve" = hold off on (not: book in advance)</li>
|
||
<li className="italic text-teal-700">
|
||
When a simple common word appears as an answer, suspect a
|
||
second meaning.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
{/* 6D — Multi-Step Logical Chains */}
|
||
<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-4 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8 bg-white border border-slate-200 space-y-4">
|
||
<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-slate-900">
|
||
Multi-Step Logical Chains
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<p className="text-sm text-slate-600">
|
||
Some text completion questions require you to follow 2–3 logical
|
||
steps before arriving at the conclusion. Students most often lose
|
||
points here by stopping one step too early or introducing an extra
|
||
assumption.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div className="bg-slate-50 border border-slate-200 rounded-xl p-4">
|
||
<p className="font-bold text-slate-800 text-sm mb-2">
|
||
Multi-Step Chain: Worked Example (Mars Crust)
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div className="space-y-1 text-xs text-slate-700">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span className="font-bold">Step 1:</span> Two theories exist
|
||
for the first Martian crust: (a) all-encompassing magma ocean,
|
||
(b) different origin with high silica.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span className="font-bold">Step 2:</span> Researchers find
|
||
feldspar (associated with high-silica lava flows) in 9
|
||
locations on Mars.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span className="font-bold">Step 3:</span> Feldspar is
|
||
evidence for Theory (b) — different origin with high silica.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<span className="font-bold">Step 4:</span> If Theory (b)
|
||
accounts for some locations, Theory (a) (magma ocean) could
|
||
not have been ALL-ENCOMPASSING.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p className="text-green-700 font-bold mt-2">
|
||
Valid Conclusion: The magma ocean was not all-encompassing.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p className="text-red-600 italic">
|
||
Speculation Trap: "Portions of Mars' surface were never
|
||
covered by a crust." (no evidence for this)
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p className="font-semibold text-sm text-slate-800">
|
||
Common errors in multi-step chains:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<RevealCardGrid
|
||
cards={CHAIN_ERRORS}
|
||
columns={2}
|
||
accentColor="teal"
|
||
/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
{/* 6E — Scratch Paper */}
|
||
<div className="scroll-reveal stagger-5 rounded-2xl p-6 mb-8 bg-teal-50 border border-teal-200 space-y-4">
|
||
<h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-teal-900">
|
||
Using Scratch Paper for Inference Questions
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<p className="text-sm text-slate-700">
|
||
For text completions, scratch paper is not optional — it is
|
||
essential. Writing down even a brief summary of the key claim and
|
||
your predicted answer protects you from being seduced by
|
||
plausible-sounding wrong answers.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
|
||
<div className="card-tilt bg-white border border-teal-100 rounded-xl p-4">
|
||
<p className="font-bold text-teal-800 text-sm mb-2">
|
||
What to Write
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul className="text-xs text-slate-600 space-y-1">
|
||
<li>• 3–6 word summary of the key claim.</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
• Arrow indicating direction: "X → Y" or "less X = more Y".
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
• Your predicted answer in 3–5 words before looking at
|
||
choices.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
• For multi-step chains: number each step (1) → (2) → (3).
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div className="card-tilt bg-white border border-teal-100 rounded-xl p-4">
|
||
<p className="font-bold text-teal-800 text-sm mb-2">
|
||
What This Prevents
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul className="text-xs text-slate-600 space-y-1">
|
||
<li>
|
||
• Choosing a speculative answer because it sounded good.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
• Forgetting the specific constraint after reading 4 answer
|
||
choices.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>• Losing track of the logical chain halfway through.</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
• Selecting half-valid answers that address only part of the
|
||
claim.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div className="scroll-reveal-scale golden-rule-glow bg-teal-900 text-white rounded-2xl p-5 mb-8">
|
||
<p className="font-bold mb-1">Golden Rule</p>
|
||
<p className="text-sm text-teal-100">
|
||
Test every answer with: "Does the passage GUARANTEE this is true?"
|
||
If you can imagine a scenario where the passage is correct but
|
||
this answer is still false, eliminate it. Only the answer that
|
||
MUST be true is correct. "Only," "best," and "most effective" in
|
||
answer choices = almost always over-speculation.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
{/* Section 2 — Inference Tracker widget */}
|
||
<section
|
||
ref={(el) => {
|
||
sectionsRef.current[2] = el;
|
||
}}
|
||
className="min-h-screen flex flex-col justify-center mb-24"
|
||
>
|
||
<h2 className="text-4xl font-extrabold text-slate-900 mb-2">
|
||
Inference Tracker
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<p className="text-lg text-slate-500 mb-8">
|
||
Click the sentence that provides the strongest basis for the
|
||
inference. Which sentence GUARANTEES the conclusion?
|
||
</p>
|
||
<EvidenceHunterWidget
|
||
exercises={EVIDENCE_EXERCISES}
|
||
accentColor="teal"
|
||
/>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
{/* Section 3 — Practice */}
|
||
<section
|
||
ref={(el) => {
|
||
sectionsRef.current[3] = el;
|
||
}}
|
||
className="min-h-screen flex flex-col justify-center mb-24"
|
||
>
|
||
<h2 className="text-4xl font-extrabold text-slate-900 mb-6">
|
||
Practice Questions
|
||
</h2>
|
||
{INFERENCES_EASY.slice(0, 2).map((q) => (
|
||
<PracticeFromDataset key={q.id} question={q} color="teal" />
|
||
))}
|
||
{INFERENCES_MEDIUM.slice(0, 1).map((q) => (
|
||
<PracticeFromDataset key={q.id} question={q} color="teal" />
|
||
))}
|
||
<div className="mt-8 text-center">
|
||
<button
|
||
onClick={onFinish}
|
||
className="px-6 py-3 bg-teal-900 text-white font-bold rounded-full hover:bg-teal-700 transition-colors"
|
||
>
|
||
Finish Lesson ✓
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
);
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
export default EBRWInferencesLesson;
|