v0.1.4 (#9)

## What's New?

- Updated the SDK to support v0.2.0
- Improved the test suite
- Minor bugfix
- No breaking changes

Co-authored-by: Tasnim Kabir Sadik <tksadik92@gmail.com>
Reviewed-on: #9
Co-authored-by: pptx704 <rafeed@omukk.dev>
Co-committed-by: pptx704 <rafeed@omukk.dev>

.gitignore

@@ -181,3 +181,4 @@ CODE_EXECUTION.md
 .code-review-graph/
 .claude
 .mcp.json
+AGENTS.md

.woodpecker/check.yml

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-when:
-  event: pull_request
-  branch:
-    - main
-    - dev
-  path:
-    - "src/**"
-    - "tests/**"
-
-steps:
-  unit-tests:
-    image: ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.13-bookworm
-    commands:
-      - uv sync --dev
-      - uv run pytest -m "not integration" -v
-
-  integration-tests:
-    image: ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.13-bookworm
-    environment:
-      WRENN_API_KEY:
-        from_secret: WRENN_API_KEY
-    commands:
-      - uv sync --dev
-      - uv run pytest -m integration -v

.woodpecker/code-runner.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# E2E — code_runner. PR to dev/main when code_runner sources/tests change.
+when:
+  - event: pull_request
+    branch: [main, dev]
+    path:
+      include:
+        - "src/wrenn/code_runner/**"
+        - "tests/test_code_runner_*.py"
+        - "pyproject.toml"
+        - "uv.lock"
+
+steps:
+  test-code-runner:
+    image: ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.13-bookworm
+    environment:
+      WRENN_API_KEY:
+        from_secret: WRENN_API_KEY
+    commands:
+      - uv sync --dev
+      - make test-code-runner

.woodpecker/integration.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# E2E — integration. PR to dev/main when non-code_runner src changes.
+# Path filter: include src/** but exclude src/wrenn/code_runner/** so the
+# dedicated code-runner pipeline owns that surface.
+when:
+  - event: pull_request
+    branch: [main, dev]
+    path:
+      include:
+        - "src/**"
+        - "tests/**"
+        - "pyproject.toml"
+        - "uv.lock"
+      exclude:
+        - "src/wrenn/code_runner/**"
+        - "tests/test_code_runner_*.py"
+
+steps:
+  test-integration:
+    image: ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.13-bookworm
+    environment:
+      WRENN_API_KEY:
+        from_secret: WRENN_API_KEY
+    commands:
+      - uv sync --dev
+      - make test-integration

.woodpecker/unit.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Unit tests — every push and pull_request, all branches.
+when:
+  - event: push
+  - event: pull_request
+
+steps:
+  unit-tests:
+    image: ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.13-bookworm
+    commands:
+      - uv sync --dev
+      - uv run pytest -m "not integration" -v

AGENTS.md

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-# AGENTS.md
-
-## Project
-
-Wrenn Python SDK — a client library for the Wrenn microVM platform. e2b drop-in replacement.
-Package name: `wrenn`. Python 3.13+, managed with [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/).
-
-## Commands
-
-```bash
-uv sync                              # install deps
-make lint                            # ruff check + format check (no auto-fix)
-make test                            # unit tests only (tests/test_client.py)
-make test-integration                # all tests including integration (needs live server)
-make generate                        # regenerate models from OpenAPI spec (fetches from remote)
-make check                           # lint + unit test
-```
-
-- `make test` only runs `tests/test_client.py`, not all unit tests. To run a specific test file: `uv run pytest tests/test_capsule_features.py -v`
-- No typecheck step in Makefile or CI. `mypy` is a dev dependency but not wired up — do not assume it runs.
-
-## Architecture
-
-- `src/wrenn/` — the library package
-  - `capsule.py` / `async_capsule.py` — high-level `Capsule` / `AsyncCapsule` (main user-facing classes)
-  - `client.py` — low-level `WrennClient` / `AsyncWrennClient`
-  - `commands.py` — command execution and streaming
-  - `files.py` — filesystem operations
-  - `pty.py` — interactive terminal (PTY) over WebSocket
-  - `exceptions.py` — typed error hierarchy (`WrennError` base)
-  - `models/_generated.py` — **auto-generated** from OpenAPI spec via `datamodel-codegen` (never edit directly; run `make generate`)
-  - `sandbox.py` — deprecated `Sandbox` alias for `Capsule`
-  - `code_interpreter/` — specialized capsule for stateful Jupyter kernel execution
-- `tests/` — unit tests use `respx` to mock `httpx`; integration tests are in `tests/integration/`
-- `api/openapi.yaml` — downloaded OpenAPI spec used for code generation
-
-## Key Conventions
-
-- Generated code lives in `src/wrenn/models/_generated.py`. Never edit it. Run `make generate` to update.
-- `Sandbox` is a deprecated alias for `Capsule`. New code should use `Capsule` / `AsyncCapsule`.
-- Dual sync/async API: every major class has an `Async` counterpart.
-- Uses `httpx` for HTTP, `httpx-ws` for WebSockets, `pydantic` for models.
-- `__init__.py` uses `__getattr__` for lazy deprecated aliases (`Sandbox`, `WrennHostHasSandboxesError`).
-
-## Testing
-
-- Unit tests mock HTTP via `respx` (httpx mocking library).
-- Integration tests require env vars: `WRENN_API_KEY` (or `WRENN_TOKEN`), optionally `WRENN_BASE_URL`.
-- Integration test fixtures in `tests/integration/conftest.py` create real capsules and clean them up.
-- `pytest` marker: `@pytest.mark.integration` for tests needing a live server.
-
-## CI
-
-Woodpecker CI (`.woodpecker/check.yml`) runs on push to `main` and `dev`:
-1. `make lint`
-2. `make test` (unit tests only — integration tests are not in CI)

CLAUDE.md

@@ -169,3 +169,62 @@ Fall back to Grep/Glob/Read **only** when the graph doesn't cover what you need.
 2. Use `detect_changes` for code review.
 3. Use `get_affected_flows` to understand impact.
 4. Use `query_graph` pattern="tests_for" to check coverage.
+
+## Code Runner Module
+
+`wrenn.code_runner` — stateful code execution capsule via persistent
+Jupyter kernel.
+
+- **Module path:** `wrenn.code_runner` (canonical). The old path
+  `wrenn.code_interpreter` is a deprecation alias that emits a
+  `FutureWarning` on import; do not introduce new uses.
+- **Defaults:** template `code-runner-beta`, kernelspec `wrenn`.
+  Both overridable via `Capsule(template=..., kernel=...)`.
+- **Kernel reuse:** `_ensure_kernel` lists `/api/kernels`, reuses the
+  first kernel whose `name` matches the configured kernelspec, else
+  POSTs `{"name": <kernel>}` to create one. Matching by name (not just
+  "any kernel") is intentional — multiple kernelspecs may coexist on
+  the same Jupyter.
+- **Lifecycle invariant:** the constructor sets `_kernel_id`,
+  `_kernel_name`, `_proxy_client` to safe defaults *before* calling
+  `super().__init__`. `__del__` must never assume construction
+  completed. Async `__del__` only drops the reference — the proxy
+  `httpx.AsyncClient` must be closed via `await close()` or
+  `async with`.
+
+## Client Config
+
+`WrennClient` / `AsyncWrennClient` accept:
+- `api_key` — falls back to `WRENN_API_KEY`.
+- `base_url` — falls back to `WRENN_BASE_URL`, then `DEFAULT_BASE_URL`
+  (`https://app.wrenn.dev/api`).
+- `proxy_domain` — host suffix for capsule proxy URLs
+  (`{port}-{capsule_id}.<domain>`). Resolution:
+  1. explicit `proxy_domain=` kwarg
+  2. `WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN` env
+  3. `wrenn.dev` when `base_url` host == `app.wrenn.dev` exactly
+  4. else `base_url` host (with port) verbatim
+  Exact match in step 3 is intentional: staging/other Wrenn envs keep
+  their host so they don't accidentally collapse to prod `wrenn.dev`.
+- `timeout` — `httpx.Timeout | float | None`. Default
+  `httpx.Timeout(30.0, connect=10.0)`. Helper `_resolve_timeout`
+  centralizes the float-or-Timeout coercion.
+
+`_build_proxy_url` / `_build_http_proxy_url` in `wrenn.capsule` now take
+an optional `proxy_domain` arg. When omitted they fall back to the
+`base_url` host (legacy behavior, preserved for direct callers/tests).
+Production call sites pass `self._client._proxy_domain`.
+
+### Tests
+
+- `tests/test_code_runner_unit.py` — pure unit tests (respx + mocked
+  WebSocket). Covers `Result.from_bundle`, MIME unpacking,
+  quote-stripping, `Execution.text`, kernel reuse vs create, retry on
+  5xx, 4xx propagation, ctor-failure-safe `__del__`, deprecation
+  alias.
+- `tests/test_code_runner_e2e.py` — live integration tests (marked
+  `integration`, skipped without `WRENN_API_KEY`). Covers stateful
+  execution, exceptions, callbacks, rich outputs (HTML, matplotlib,
+  pandas), async variant, isolation between capsules, and the
+  deprecated `code_interpreter` import path.
+- Run both: `make test-code-runner`.

Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Makefile
-.PHONY: generate lint test check test-integration
+.PHONY: generate lint test check test-integration test-code-runner
 
 # Variables
 SPEC_URL = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wrennhq/wrenn/refs/heads/main/internal/api/openapi.yaml"
@@ -30,10 +30,13 @@ lint:
 	uv run ruff format --check src/
 
 test:
-	uv run pytest tests/test_client.py -v
+	uv run pytest tests/test_client.py tests/test_code_runner_unit.py -v
 
 test-integration:
-	uv run pytest tests/ -v -m "integration or not integration"
+	uv run pytest tests/ -v -m "integration or not integration" --ignore=tests/test_code_runner_e2e.py --ignore=tests/test_code_runner_unit.py
+
+test-code-runner:
+	uv run pytest tests/test_code_runner_unit.py tests/test_code_runner_e2e.py -v -m "integration or not integration"
 
 check: lint test
 

README.md

@@ -26,10 +26,31 @@ Optionally override the API base URL:
 export WRENN_BASE_URL="https://app.wrenn.dev/api"  # default
 ```
 
+For self-hosted deployments you can also override the capsule proxy domain
+(used to build `{port}-{capsule_id}.<domain>` URLs returned by
+`Capsule.get_url`):
+
+```bash
+export WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN="wrenn.example.com"
+```
+
+Resolution order: explicit `proxy_domain=` kwarg → `WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN` env →
+`wrenn.dev` when `base_url` is the default `app.wrenn.dev` host, else the
+`base_url` host (with port) verbatim.
+
 You can also pass credentials directly:
 
 ```python
-from wrenn import Capsule
+from wrenn import WrennClient, Capsule
+
+# WrennClient also accepts a timeout (httpx.Timeout or float seconds).
+# Default: 30s read/write/pool, 10s connect.
+client = WrennClient(
+    api_key="wrn_...",
+    base_url="https://...",
+    proxy_domain="wrenn.example.com",  # optional override
+    timeout=30.0,                       # optional override
+)
 
 capsule = Capsule(api_key="wrn_...", base_url="https://...")
 ```
@@ -84,10 +105,10 @@ capsule = Capsule.connect("cl-abc123")
 result = capsule.commands.run("echo still running")
 ```
 
-For code interpreter capsules:
+For code runner capsules:
 
 ```python
-from wrenn.code_interpreter import Capsule as CodeCapsule
+from wrenn.code_runner import Capsule as CodeCapsule
 
 capsule = CodeCapsule.connect("cl-abc123")
 result = capsule.run_code("print('reconnected')")
@@ -329,14 +350,16 @@ template = capsule.create_snapshot(name="my-template", overwrite=True)
 
 ---
 
-## Code Interpreter
+## Code Runner
 
-The `wrenn.code_interpreter` module provides a specialized capsule for stateful code execution via a persistent Jupyter kernel.
+The `wrenn.code_runner` module provides a specialized capsule for stateful code execution via a persistent Jupyter kernel. Defaults to the `code-runner-beta` template and the `wrenn` Jupyter kernelspec.
+
+> The legacy module path `wrenn.code_interpreter` still works but emits a `FutureWarning` on import. Use `wrenn.code_runner`.
 
 ### Quick Start
 
 ```python
-from wrenn.code_interpreter import Capsule
+from wrenn.code_runner import Capsule
 
 with Capsule(wait=True) as capsule:
     result = capsule.run_code("print('hello')")
@@ -348,7 +371,7 @@ with Capsule(wait=True) as capsule:
 Variables, imports, and function definitions persist across `run_code` calls:
 
 ```python
-from wrenn.code_interpreter import Capsule
+from wrenn.code_runner import Capsule
 
 with Capsule(wait=True) as capsule:
     capsule.run_code("x = 42")
@@ -403,15 +426,21 @@ capsule.run_code(
 )
 ```
 
-### Custom Templates
+### Custom Templates and Kernels
 
-By default, `code-runner-beta` template is used. You can specify a custom template:
+By default, the `code-runner-beta` template and the `wrenn` Jupyter kernelspec are used. Override either:
 
 ```python
-capsule = Capsule(template="my-custom-jupyter-template", wait=True)
+capsule = Capsule(
+    template="my-custom-jupyter-template",
+    kernel="python3",
+    wait=True,
+)
 result = capsule.run_code("print('running on custom template')")
 ```
 
+`Capsule` reuses the first kernel matching the requested `kernel` name on the Jupyter server and creates one if none exists.
+
 ### Execution Model
 
 `run_code()` returns an `Execution` object:
@@ -424,14 +453,14 @@ result = capsule.run_code("print('running on custom template')")
 | `execution_count` | `int \| None` | Jupyter cell execution counter |
 | `text` | `str \| None` | (property) `text/plain` of the main `execute_result` |
 
-Each `Result` has typed MIME fields: `text`, `html`, `markdown`, `svg`, `png`, `jpeg`, `pdf`, `latex`, `json`, `javascript`, plus `extra` for unknown types. String expression results have quotes stripped automatically.
+Each `Result` has typed MIME fields: `text`, `html`, `markdown`, `svg`, `png`, `jpeg`, `pdf`, `latex`, `json`, `javascript`, plus `extra` for unknown types. The `text` field is Jupyter's `text/plain` bundle verbatim — the Python `repr()` of the cell's last expression. So `run_code("'hi'").text` is `"'hi'"` (with quotes), and `run_code("42").text` is `"42"`. This preserves the distinction between the string `'2'` and the int `2`.
 
-### Code Interpreter + Commands/Files
+### Code Runner + Commands/Files
 
-The code interpreter capsule inherits all standard capsule features:
+The code runner capsule inherits all standard capsule features:
 
 ```python
-from wrenn.code_interpreter import Capsule
+from wrenn.code_runner import Capsule
 
 with Capsule(wait=True) as capsule:
     # Use run_code for Jupyter execution
@@ -469,10 +498,10 @@ async with await AsyncCapsule.create(template="minimal", wait=True) as capsule:
     await capsule.resume()
 ```
 
-### Async Code Interpreter
+### Async Code Runner
 
 ```python
-from wrenn.code_interpreter import AsyncCapsule
+from wrenn.code_runner import AsyncCapsule
 
 async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as capsule:
     result = await capsule.run_code("2 + 2")

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "wrenn"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 description = "Python SDK for Wrenn"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ classifiers = [
     "Typing :: Typed",
 ]
 dependencies = [
+    "certifi>=2026.2.25",
     "email-validator>=2.3.0",
     "httpx>=0.28.1",
     "httpx-ws>=0.9.0",

src/wrenn/__init__.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from wrenn.exceptions import (
 from wrenn.models import FileEntry
 from wrenn.pty import AsyncPtySession, PtyEvent, PtyEventType, PtySession
 
-__version__ = "0.1.0"
+__version__ = "0.1.4"
 
 __all__ = [
     "__version__",

src/wrenn/_config.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://app.wrenn.dev/api"
+DEFAULT_PROXY_DOMAIN = "wrenn.dev"
 ENV_API_KEY = "WRENN_API_KEY"
 ENV_BASE_URL = "WRENN_BASE_URL"
+ENV_PROXY_DOMAIN = "WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN"

src/wrenn/_git/__init__.py

@@ -153,6 +153,20 @@ class Git:
             timeout=timeout,
         )
 
+    def _run_op(
+        self,
+        argv: list[str],
+        *,
+        op: str,
+        cwd: str | None = None,
+        envs: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = 30,
+    ) -> CommandResult:
+        """``_run`` + :func:`_check_result` in one call. Raises on failure."""
+        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        _check_result(result, op=op)
+        return result
+
     # ── Repository setup ───────────────────────────────────────
 
     def clone(
@@ -203,8 +217,7 @@ class Git:
             clone_url = embed_credentials(url, username, password)
 
         argv = build_clone(clone_url, dest, branch=branch, depth=depth)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="clone", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="clone")
 
         if username and password and not dangerously_store_credentials:
             sanitized = strip_credentials(clone_url)
@@ -248,8 +261,7 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If init failed.
         """
         argv = build_init(path, bare=bare, initial_branch=initial_branch)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="init", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="init")
         return result
 
     # ── Staging and committing ─────────────────────────────────
@@ -280,8 +292,7 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If add failed.
         """
         argv = build_add(paths, all=all)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="add", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="add")
         return result
 
     def commit(
@@ -318,8 +329,7 @@ class Git:
             author_name=author_name,
             author_email=author_email,
         )
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="commit", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="commit")
         return result
 
     # ── Remote sync ────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -375,8 +385,7 @@ class Git:
             )
 
         argv = build_push(remote, branch, force=force, set_upstream=set_upstream)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="push", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="push")
         return result
 
     def pull(
@@ -430,8 +439,7 @@ class Git:
             )
 
         argv = build_pull(remote, branch, rebase=rebase, ff_only=ff_only)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="pull", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="pull")
         return result
 
     # ── Status and branches ────────────────────────────────────
@@ -456,8 +464,9 @@ class Git:
         Raises:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
-        result = self._run(build_status(), cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="status")
+            build_status(), op="status", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return parse_status(result.stdout)
 
     def branches(
@@ -480,8 +489,9 @@ class Git:
         Raises:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
-        result = self._run(build_branches(), cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="branches")
+            build_branches(), op="branches", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return parse_branches(result.stdout)
 
     def create_branch(
@@ -509,8 +519,9 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_create_branch(name, start_point=start_point)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="create_branch")
+            argv, op="create_branch", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     def checkout_branch(
@@ -536,8 +547,9 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_checkout(name)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="checkout_branch")
+            argv, op="checkout_branch", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     def delete_branch(
@@ -565,8 +577,9 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_delete_branch(name, force=force)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="delete_branch")
+            argv, op="delete_branch", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     # ── Remotes ────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -598,8 +611,9 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_remote_add(name, url, fetch=fetch)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="remote_add")
+            argv, op="remote_add", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     def remote_get(
@@ -661,8 +675,7 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_reset(mode=mode, ref=ref, paths=paths)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="reset", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="reset")
         return result
 
     def restore(
@@ -694,8 +707,7 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_restore(paths, staged=staged, worktree=worktree, source=source)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(argv, op="restore", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="restore")
         return result
 
     # ── Configuration ──────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -729,8 +741,9 @@ class Git:
             GitCommandError: If the command failed.
         """
         argv = build_config_set(key, value, scope=scope, repo_path=cwd)
-        result = self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="set_config")
+            argv, op="set_config", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     def get_config(
@@ -957,6 +970,20 @@ class AsyncGit:
             timeout=timeout,
         )
 
+    async def _run_op(
+        self,
+        argv: list[str],
+        *,
+        op: str,
+        cwd: str | None = None,
+        envs: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = 30,
+    ) -> CommandResult:
+        """``_run`` + :func:`_check_result` in one call. Raises on failure."""
+        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        _check_result(result, op=op)
+        return result
+
     # ── Repository setup ───────────────────────────────────────
 
     async def clone(
@@ -984,8 +1011,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
             clone_url = embed_credentials(url, username, password)
 
         argv = build_clone(clone_url, dest, branch=branch, depth=depth)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="clone")
+            argv, op="clone", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
 
         if username and password and not dangerously_store_credentials:
             sanitized = strip_credentials(clone_url)
@@ -1014,8 +1042,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Initialize a new git repository."""
         argv = build_init(path, bare=bare, initial_branch=initial_branch)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="init")
+            argv, op="init", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     # ── Staging and committing ─────────────────────────────────
@@ -1031,8 +1060,7 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Stage files for commit."""
         argv = build_add(paths, all=all)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(argv, op="add", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
-        _check_result(result, op="add")
         return result
 
     async def commit(
@@ -1053,8 +1081,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
             author_name=author_name,
             author_email=author_email,
         )
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="commit")
+            argv, op="commit", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     # ── Remote sync ────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1095,8 +1124,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
             )
 
         argv = build_push(remote, branch, force=force, set_upstream=set_upstream)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="push")
+            argv, op="push", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     async def pull(
@@ -1135,8 +1165,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
             )
 
         argv = build_pull(remote, branch, rebase=rebase, ff_only=ff_only)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="pull")
+            argv, op="pull", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     # ── Status and branches ────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1149,8 +1180,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
         timeout: int | None = 30,
     ) -> GitStatus:
         """Get repository status."""
-        result = await self._run(build_status(), cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="status")
+            build_status(), op="status", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return parse_status(result.stdout)
 
     async def branches(
@@ -1161,8 +1193,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
         timeout: int | None = 30,
     ) -> list[GitBranch]:
         """List local branches."""
-        result = await self._run(build_branches(), cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="branches")
+            build_branches(), op="branches", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return parse_branches(result.stdout)
 
     async def create_branch(
@@ -1176,8 +1209,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Create and check out a new branch."""
         argv = build_create_branch(name, start_point=start_point)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="create_branch")
+            argv, op="create_branch", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     async def checkout_branch(
@@ -1190,8 +1224,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Check out an existing branch."""
         argv = build_checkout(name)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="checkout_branch")
+            argv, op="checkout_branch", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     async def delete_branch(
@@ -1205,8 +1240,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Delete a branch."""
         argv = build_delete_branch(name, force=force)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="delete_branch")
+            argv, op="delete_branch", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     # ── Remotes ────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1223,8 +1259,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Add a remote."""
         argv = build_remote_add(name, url, fetch=fetch)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="remote_add")
+            argv, op="remote_add", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     async def remote_get(
@@ -1258,8 +1295,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Reset the current HEAD."""
         argv = build_reset(mode=mode, ref=ref, paths=paths)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="reset")
+            argv, op="reset", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     async def restore(
@@ -1275,8 +1313,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Restore working-tree files or unstage changes."""
         argv = build_restore(paths, staged=staged, worktree=worktree, source=source)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="restore")
+            argv, op="restore", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     # ── Configuration ──────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1293,8 +1332,9 @@ class AsyncGit:
     ) -> CommandResult:
         """Set a git config value."""
         argv = build_config_set(key, value, scope=scope, repo_path=cwd)
-        result = await self._run(argv, cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout)
+        result = await self._run_op(
-        _check_result(result, op="set_config")
+            argv, op="set_config", cwd=cwd, envs=envs, timeout=timeout
+        )
         return result
 
     async def get_config(

src/wrenn/_git/_cmd.py

@@ -351,11 +351,6 @@ def build_config_get(
     return args
 
 
-def build_has_upstream() -> list[str]:
-    """Build arguments to check if current branch has upstream tracking."""
-    return ["git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "--symbolic-full-name", "@{u}"]
-
-
 # ── Parsers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 

src/wrenn/async_capsule.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
-import logging
 import builtins
+import logging
 import time
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
@@ -10,15 +10,54 @@ from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 import httpx_ws
 
 from wrenn._git import AsyncGit
-from wrenn.capsule import _DualMethod, _build_proxy_url
+from wrenn.capsule import (
+    _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+    _DESTROY_INTERVAL,
+    _FAIL_STATUSES,
+    _PAUSE_INTERVAL,
+    _RESUME_INTERVAL,
+    _START_INTERVAL,
+    _DualMethod,
+    _build_http_proxy_url,
+)
 from wrenn.client import AsyncWrennClient
 from wrenn.commands import AsyncCommands
+from wrenn.exceptions import WrennNotFoundError
 from wrenn.files import AsyncFiles
 from wrenn.models import Capsule as CapsuleModel
 from wrenn.models import Status, Template
 from wrenn.pty import AsyncPtySession
 
 
+async def _apoll_until(
+    fetch,
+    targets: set[Status],
+    interval: float,
+    timeout: float = _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+    fail_on: set[Status] | None = None,
+) -> CapsuleModel:
+    fail = fail_on if fail_on is not None else _FAIL_STATUSES
+    treat_missing_as_target = Status.missing in targets
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+    last: CapsuleModel | None = None
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+        try:
+            last = await fetch()
+        except WrennNotFoundError:
+            if treat_missing_as_target:
+                return CapsuleModel(status=Status.missing)
+            raise
+        if last.status in targets:
+            return last
+        if last.status is not None and last.status in fail:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Capsule entered {last.status} state while waiting")
+        await asyncio.sleep(interval)
+    raise TimeoutError(
+        f"Capsule did not reach {targets} within {timeout}s "
+        f"(last status: {last.status if last else 'unknown'})"
+    )
+
+
 class AsyncCapsule:
     """Async Wrenn capsule with e2b-compatible interface.
 
@@ -98,21 +137,26 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
             AsyncCapsule: A new capsule instance.
         """
         client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url)
-        info = await client.capsules.create(
+        try:
-            template=template,
+            info = await client.capsules.create(
-            vcpus=vcpus,
+                template=template,
-            memory_mb=memory_mb,
+                vcpus=vcpus,
-            timeout_sec=timeout,
+                memory_mb=memory_mb,
-        )
+                timeout_sec=timeout,
-        assert info.id is not None
+            )
-        capsule = cls(
+            if info.id is None:
-            _capsule_id=info.id,
+                raise RuntimeError("API returned a capsule without an ID")
-            _client=client,
+            capsule = cls(
-            _info=info,
+                _capsule_id=info.id,
-        )
+                _client=client,
-        if wait:
+                _info=info,
-            await capsule.wait_ready()
+            )
-        return capsule
+            if wait:
+                await capsule.wait_ready()
+            return capsule
+        except BaseException:
+            await client.aclose()
+            raise
 
     @classmethod
     async def connect(
@@ -137,16 +181,26 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
             WrennNotFoundError: If no capsule with the given ID exists.
         """
         client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url)
-        info = await client.capsules.get(capsule_id)
+        try:
+            info = await client.capsules.get(capsule_id)
 
-        if info.status == Status.paused:
+            capsule = cls(
-            info = await client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
+                _capsule_id=capsule_id,
+                _client=client,
+                _info=info,
+            )
 
-        return cls(
+            if info.status == Status.pausing:
-            _capsule_id=capsule_id,
+                info = await capsule._wait_for_status({Status.paused}, _PAUSE_INTERVAL)
-            _client=client,
+            if info.status == Status.paused:
-            _info=info,
+                await client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
-        )
+            if info.status != Status.running:
+                await capsule.wait_ready()
+
+            return capsule
+        except BaseException:
+            await client.aclose()
+            raise
 
     # ── Dual instance/static lifecycle ──────────────────────────
 
@@ -155,22 +209,35 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
     resume = _DualMethod("_instance_resume", "_static_resume")
     get_info = _DualMethod("_instance_get_info", "_static_get_info")
 
-    async def _instance_destroy(self) -> None:
+    async def _instance_destroy(self, wait: bool = False) -> None:
         await self._client.capsules.destroy(self._id)
+        if wait:
+            await self._wait_for_status(
+                {Status.stopped, Status.missing}, _DESTROY_INTERVAL
+            )
 
     @classmethod
     async def _static_destroy(
         cls,
         capsule_id: str,
         *,
+        wait: bool = False,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         async with AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url) as client:
             await client.capsules.destroy(capsule_id)
+            if wait:
+                await _apoll_until(
+                    lambda: client.capsules.get(capsule_id),
+                    {Status.stopped, Status.missing},
+                    _DESTROY_INTERVAL,
+                )
 
-    async def _instance_pause(self) -> CapsuleModel:
+    async def _instance_pause(self, wait: bool = False) -> CapsuleModel:
         self._info = await self._client.capsules.pause(self._id)
+        if wait:
+            self._info = await self._wait_for_status({Status.paused}, _PAUSE_INTERVAL)
         return self._info
 
     @classmethod
@@ -178,14 +245,24 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
         cls,
         capsule_id: str,
         *,
+        wait: bool = False,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
     ) -> CapsuleModel:
         async with AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url) as client:
-            return await client.capsules.pause(capsule_id)
+            info = await client.capsules.pause(capsule_id)
+            if wait:
+                info = await _apoll_until(
+                    lambda: client.capsules.get(capsule_id),
+                    {Status.paused},
+                    _PAUSE_INTERVAL,
+                )
+            return info
 
-    async def _instance_resume(self) -> CapsuleModel:
+    async def _instance_resume(self, wait: bool = False) -> CapsuleModel:
         self._info = await self._client.capsules.resume(self._id)
+        if wait:
+            self._info = await self._wait_for_status({Status.running}, _RESUME_INTERVAL)
         return self._info
 
     @classmethod
@@ -193,11 +270,19 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
         cls,
         capsule_id: str,
         *,
+        wait: bool = False,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
     ) -> CapsuleModel:
         async with AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url) as client:
-            return await client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
+            info = await client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
+            if wait:
+                info = await _apoll_until(
+                    lambda: client.capsules.get(capsule_id),
+                    {Status.running},
+                    _RESUME_INTERVAL,
+                )
+            return info
 
     async def _instance_get_info(self) -> CapsuleModel:
         self._info = await self._client.capsules.get(self._id)
@@ -224,31 +309,30 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
         """
         await self._client.capsules.ping(self._id)
 
-    async def wait_ready(self, timeout: float = 30, interval: float = 0.5) -> None:
+    async def _wait_for_status(
-        """Await until the capsule status is ``running``.
+        self,
+        targets: set[Status],
+        interval: float,
+        timeout: float = _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+    ) -> CapsuleModel:
+        info = await _apoll_until(
+            lambda: self._client.capsules.get(self._id),
+            targets,
+            interval,
+            timeout,
+            fail_on={Status.error, Status.stopped, Status.missing} - targets,
+        )
+        self._info = info
+        return info
 
-        Args:
+    async def wait_ready(self, timeout: float = _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT) -> None:
-            timeout (float): Maximum seconds to wait. Defaults to ``30``.
+        """Await until capsule status is ``running``.
-            interval (float): Polling interval in seconds. Defaults to ``0.5``.
 
         Raises:
-            TimeoutError: If the capsule does not reach ``running`` state
+            TimeoutError: If capsule does not reach ``running`` within ``timeout``.
-                within ``timeout`` seconds.
+            RuntimeError: If capsule enters error/stopped/missing while waiting.
-            RuntimeError: If the capsule enters an error, stopped, or paused
-                state while waiting.
         """
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+        await self._wait_for_status({Status.running}, _START_INTERVAL, timeout)
-        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-            info = await self._client.capsules.get(self._id)
-            if info.status == Status.running:
-                self._info = info
-                return
-            if info.status in (Status.error, Status.stopped):
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Capsule entered {info.status} state while waiting")
-            if info.status == Status.paused:
-                info = await self._client.capsules.resume(self._id)
-            await asyncio.sleep(interval)
-        raise TimeoutError(f"Capsule {self._id} did not become ready within {timeout}s")
 
     async def is_running(self) -> bool:
         """Check whether the capsule is currently running.
@@ -348,16 +432,23 @@ class AsyncCapsule:
     # ── Proxy helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────
 
     def get_url(self, port: int) -> str:
-        """Get the proxy URL for a port exposed inside this capsule.
+        """Get the HTTP proxy URL for a port exposed inside this capsule.
 
         Args:
             port (int): Port number to proxy.
 
         Returns:
-            str: A ``wss://`` (or ``ws://``) URL that proxies to the given
+            str: A ``https://`` (or ``http://``) URL that proxies HTTP
-            port inside the capsule.
+            requests to the given port inside the capsule. For raw
+            WebSocket access, see the lower-level ``_build_proxy_url``
+            helper or the ``pty()`` API.
         """
-        return _build_proxy_url(self._client._base_url, self._id, port)
+        return _build_http_proxy_url(
+            self._client._base_url,
+            self._id,
+            port,
+            self._client._proxy_domain,
+        )
 
     # ── Snapshots ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 

src/wrenn/capsule.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import logging
 import builtins
+import logging
 import time
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 from contextlib import contextmanager
@@ -13,21 +13,94 @@ import httpx_ws
 from wrenn._git import Git
 from wrenn.client import WrennClient
 from wrenn.commands import Commands
+from wrenn.exceptions import WrennNotFoundError
 from wrenn.files import Files
 from wrenn.models import Capsule as CapsuleModel
 from wrenn.models import Status, Template
 from wrenn.pty import PtySession
 
 
-def _build_proxy_url(base_url: str, capsule_id: str | None, port: int) -> str:
+def _proxy_url(
+    base_url: str,
+    capsule_id: str | None,
+    port: int,
+    proxy_domain: str | None,
+    *,
+    websocket: bool,
+) -> str:
     parsed = httpx.URL(base_url)
-    host = parsed.host
+    if proxy_domain:
-    if parsed.port:
+        host = proxy_domain
-        host = f"{host}:{parsed.port}"
+    else:
-    scheme = "ws" if parsed.scheme == "http" else "wss"
+        host = parsed.host
+        if parsed.port:
+            host = f"{host}:{parsed.port}"
+    secure = parsed.scheme not in ("http", "ws")
+    if websocket:
+        scheme = "wss" if secure else "ws"
+    else:
+        scheme = "https" if secure else "http"
     return f"{scheme}://{port}-{capsule_id}.{host}"
 
 
+def _build_proxy_url(
+    base_url: str,
+    capsule_id: str | None,
+    port: int,
+    proxy_domain: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Build the WebSocket proxy URL (``ws://`` / ``wss://``)."""
+    return _proxy_url(base_url, capsule_id, port, proxy_domain, websocket=True)
+
+
+def _build_http_proxy_url(
+    base_url: str,
+    capsule_id: str | None,
+    port: int,
+    proxy_domain: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Build the HTTP proxy URL (``http://`` / ``https://``)."""
+    return _proxy_url(base_url, capsule_id, port, proxy_domain, websocket=False)
+
+
+_RESUME_INTERVAL = 0.5
+_DESTROY_INTERVAL = 0.5
+_PAUSE_INTERVAL = 2.0
+_START_INTERVAL = 0.5
+_DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT = 30.0
+_FAIL_STATUSES = {Status.error}
+
+
+def _poll_until(
+    fetch,
+    targets: set[Status],
+    interval: float,
+    timeout: float = _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+    fail_on: set[Status] | None = None,
+) -> CapsuleModel:
+    """Poll ``fetch()`` until status ∈ ``targets``. Raise on ``fail_on``/timeout."""
+    fail = fail_on if fail_on is not None else _FAIL_STATUSES
+    treat_missing_as_target = Status.missing in targets
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+    last: CapsuleModel | None = None
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+        try:
+            last = fetch()
+        except WrennNotFoundError:
+            if treat_missing_as_target:
+                return CapsuleModel(status=Status.missing)
+            raise
+        if last.status in targets:
+            return last
+        if last.status is not None and last.status in fail:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Capsule entered {last.status} state while waiting")
+        time.sleep(interval)
+    raise TimeoutError(
+        f"Capsule did not reach {targets} within {timeout}s "
+        f"(last status: {last.status if last else 'unknown'})"
+    )
+
+
 class _DualMethod:
     """Descriptor that dispatches to instance method or classmethod depending on call site."""
 
@@ -100,9 +173,6 @@ class Capsule:
             self._id: str = _capsule_id
             self._client = _client
             self._info = _info
-            if self._id is None:
-                self._client.close()
-                raise RuntimeError("API returned a capsule without an ID")
         else:
             self._client = WrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url)
             try:
@@ -112,9 +182,9 @@ class Capsule:
                     memory_mb=memory_mb,
                     timeout_sec=timeout,
                 )
-                self._id = self._info.id
+                if self._info.id is None:
-                if self._id is None:
                     raise RuntimeError("API returned a capsule without an ID")
+                self._id = self._info.id
             except Exception:
                 self._client.close()
                 raise
@@ -213,15 +283,21 @@ class Capsule:
         client = WrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url)
         info = client.capsules.get(capsule_id)
 
-        if info.status == Status.paused:
+        capsule = cls(
-            info = client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
-
-        return cls(
             _capsule_id=capsule_id,
             _client=client,
             _info=info,
         )
 
+        if info.status == Status.pausing:
+            info = capsule._wait_for_status({Status.paused}, _PAUSE_INTERVAL)
+        if info.status == Status.paused:
+            client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
+        if info.status != Status.running:
+            capsule.wait_ready()
+
+        return capsule
+
     # ── Dual instance/static lifecycle ──────────────────────────
 
     destroy = _DualMethod("_instance_destroy", "_static_destroy")
@@ -229,25 +305,36 @@ class Capsule:
     resume = _DualMethod("_instance_resume", "_static_resume")
     get_info = _DualMethod("_instance_get_info", "_static_get_info")
 
-    def _instance_destroy(self) -> None:
+    def _instance_destroy(self, wait: bool = False) -> None:
-        """Destroy this capsule."""
+        """Destroy this capsule. If ``wait``, poll until stopped/missing."""
         self._client.capsules.destroy(self._id)
+        if wait:
+            self._wait_for_status({Status.stopped, Status.missing}, _DESTROY_INTERVAL)
 
     @classmethod
     def _static_destroy(
         cls,
         capsule_id: str,
         *,
+        wait: bool = False,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Destroy a capsule by ID."""
         with WrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url) as client:
             client.capsules.destroy(capsule_id)
+            if wait:
+                _poll_until(
+                    lambda: client.capsules.get(capsule_id),
+                    {Status.stopped, Status.missing},
+                    _DESTROY_INTERVAL,
+                )
 
-    def _instance_pause(self) -> CapsuleModel:
+    def _instance_pause(self, wait: bool = False) -> CapsuleModel:
-        """Pause this capsule."""
+        """Pause this capsule. If ``wait``, poll until ``paused``."""
         self._info = self._client.capsules.pause(self._id)
+        if wait:
+            self._info = self._wait_for_status({Status.paused}, _PAUSE_INTERVAL)
         return self._info
 
     @classmethod
@@ -255,16 +342,26 @@ class Capsule:
         cls,
         capsule_id: str,
         *,
+        wait: bool = False,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
     ) -> CapsuleModel:
         """Pause a capsule by ID."""
         with WrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url) as client:
-            return client.capsules.pause(capsule_id)
+            info = client.capsules.pause(capsule_id)
+            if wait:
+                info = _poll_until(
+                    lambda: client.capsules.get(capsule_id),
+                    {Status.paused},
+                    _PAUSE_INTERVAL,
+                )
+            return info
 
-    def _instance_resume(self) -> CapsuleModel:
+    def _instance_resume(self, wait: bool = False) -> CapsuleModel:
-        """Resume this capsule."""
+        """Resume this capsule. If ``wait``, poll until ``running``."""
         self._info = self._client.capsules.resume(self._id)
+        if wait:
+            self._info = self._wait_for_status({Status.running}, _RESUME_INTERVAL)
         return self._info
 
     @classmethod
@@ -272,12 +369,20 @@ class Capsule:
         cls,
         capsule_id: str,
         *,
+        wait: bool = False,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
     ) -> CapsuleModel:
         """Resume a capsule by ID."""
         with WrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url) as client:
-            return client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
+            info = client.capsules.resume(capsule_id)
+            if wait:
+                info = _poll_until(
+                    lambda: client.capsules.get(capsule_id),
+                    {Status.running},
+                    _RESUME_INTERVAL,
+                )
+            return info
 
     def _instance_get_info(self) -> CapsuleModel:
         """Get current info for this capsule."""
@@ -306,31 +411,30 @@ class Capsule:
         """
         self._client.capsules.ping(self._id)
 
-    def wait_ready(self, timeout: float = 30, interval: float = 0.5) -> None:
+    def _wait_for_status(
-        """Block until the capsule status is ``running``.
+        self,
+        targets: set[Status],
+        interval: float,
+        timeout: float = _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+    ) -> CapsuleModel:
+        info = _poll_until(
+            lambda: self._client.capsules.get(self._id),
+            targets,
+            interval,
+            timeout,
+            fail_on={Status.error, Status.stopped, Status.missing} - targets,
+        )
+        self._info = info
+        return info
 
-        Args:
+    def wait_ready(self, timeout: float = _DEFAULT_WAIT_TIMEOUT) -> None:
-            timeout (float): Maximum seconds to wait. Defaults to ``30``.
+        """Block until capsule status is ``running``.
-            interval (float): Polling interval in seconds. Defaults to ``0.5``.
 
         Raises:
-            TimeoutError: If the capsule does not reach ``running`` state
+            TimeoutError: If capsule does not reach ``running`` within ``timeout``.
-                within ``timeout`` seconds.
+            RuntimeError: If capsule enters error/stopped/missing while waiting.
-            RuntimeError: If the capsule enters an error, stopped, or paused
-                state while waiting.
         """
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+        self._wait_for_status({Status.running}, _START_INTERVAL, timeout)
-        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-            info = self._client.capsules.get(self._id)
-            if info.status == Status.running:
-                self._info = info
-                return
-            if info.status in (Status.error, Status.stopped):
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Capsule entered {info.status} state while waiting")
-            if info.status == Status.paused:
-                info = self._client.capsules.resume(self._id)
-            time.sleep(interval)
-        raise TimeoutError(f"Capsule {self._id} did not become ready within {timeout}s")
 
     def is_running(self) -> bool:
         """Check whether the capsule is currently running.
@@ -429,16 +533,23 @@ class Capsule:
     # ── Proxy helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────
 
     def get_url(self, port: int) -> str:
-        """Get the proxy URL for a port exposed inside this capsule.
+        """Get the HTTP proxy URL for a port exposed inside this capsule.
 
         Args:
             port (int): Port number to proxy.
 
         Returns:
-            str: A ``wss://`` (or ``ws://``) URL that proxies to the given
+            str: A ``https://`` (or ``http://``) URL that proxies HTTP
-            port inside the capsule.
+            requests to the given port inside the capsule. For raw
+            WebSocket access, see the lower-level ``_build_proxy_url``
+            helper or the ``pty()`` API.
         """
-        return _build_proxy_url(self._client._base_url, self._id, port)
+        return _build_http_proxy_url(
+            self._client._base_url,
+            self._id,
+            port,
+            self._client._proxy_domain,
+        )
 
     # ── Snapshots ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 

src/wrenn/client.py

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import os
+import time
 
 import httpx
 
-from wrenn._config import DEFAULT_BASE_URL, ENV_API_KEY, ENV_BASE_URL
+from wrenn._config import (
+    DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+    DEFAULT_PROXY_DOMAIN,
+    ENV_API_KEY,
+    ENV_BASE_URL,
+    ENV_PROXY_DOMAIN,
+)
 from wrenn.exceptions import handle_response
 
 from wrenn.models import (
@@ -15,6 +23,56 @@ from wrenn.models import (
 )
 
 _LONG_TIMEOUT = httpx.Timeout(60.0)
+_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = httpx.Timeout(30.0, connect=10.0)
+
+_RETRY_EXCEPTIONS: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (
+    httpx.ReadError,
+    httpx.RemoteProtocolError,
+    httpx.ConnectError,
+    httpx.ReadTimeout,
+)
+_RETRY_METHODS = frozenset({"GET", "HEAD", "DELETE", "OPTIONS", "PUT"})
+_MAX_RETRIES = 3
+_BACKOFF_BASE = 0.3
+
+
+def _should_retry(request: httpx.Request, attempt: int) -> bool:
+    return attempt < _MAX_RETRIES - 1 and request.method.upper() in _RETRY_METHODS
+
+
+def _backoff_delay(attempt: int) -> float:
+    return _BACKOFF_BASE * (2**attempt)
+
+
+class _RetryingClient(httpx.Client):
+    """httpx.Client that retries transient TLS/connection errors on
+    idempotent methods (GET/HEAD/DELETE/OPTIONS/PUT). Non-idempotent
+    requests (POST/PATCH) propagate immediately."""
+
+    def send(self, request: httpx.Request, **kwargs):  # type: ignore[override]
+        for attempt in range(_MAX_RETRIES):
+            try:
+                return super().send(request, **kwargs)
+            except _RETRY_EXCEPTIONS:
+                if not _should_retry(request, attempt):
+                    raise
+                time.sleep(_backoff_delay(attempt))
+        # Unreachable: loop either returns or raises.
+        raise RuntimeError("retry loop exited without result")
+
+
+class _RetryingAsyncClient(httpx.AsyncClient):
+    """Async variant of :class:`_RetryingClient`."""
+
+    async def send(self, request: httpx.Request, **kwargs):  # type: ignore[override]
+        for attempt in range(_MAX_RETRIES):
+            try:
+                return await super().send(request, **kwargs)
+            except _RETRY_EXCEPTIONS:
+                if not _should_retry(request, attempt):
+                    raise
+                await asyncio.sleep(_backoff_delay(attempt))
+        raise RuntimeError("retry loop exited without result")
 
 
 def _resolve_api_key(api_key: str | None) -> str:
@@ -26,6 +84,73 @@ def _resolve_api_key(api_key: str | None) -> str:
     return resolved
 
 
+def _resolve_timeout(
+    timeout: httpx.Timeout | float | None,
+) -> httpx.Timeout:
+    if timeout is None:
+        return _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+    if isinstance(timeout, httpx.Timeout):
+        return timeout
+    return httpx.Timeout(timeout)
+
+
+def _resolve_proxy_domain(base_url: str, override: str | None) -> str:
+    """Resolve proxy host suffix for ``{port}-{capsule_id}.<domain>`` URLs.
+
+    Precedence: explicit ``override`` arg, ``WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN`` env, then
+    ``wrenn.dev`` only when ``base_url`` is the default Wrenn host
+    (``app.wrenn.dev``). Otherwise the ``base_url`` host (with port) is used
+    verbatim — appropriate for local dev or custom deployments.
+    """
+    resolved = override or os.environ.get(ENV_PROXY_DOMAIN)
+    if resolved:
+        return resolved
+    parsed = httpx.URL(base_url)
+    host = parsed.host
+    if host == "app.wrenn.dev":
+        return DEFAULT_PROXY_DOMAIN
+    if parsed.port:
+        return f"{host}:{parsed.port}"
+    return host
+
+
+def _build_capsule_create_payload(
+    template: str | None,
+    vcpus: int | None,
+    memory_mb: int | None,
+    timeout_sec: int | None,
+) -> dict:
+    payload: dict = {}
+    if template is not None:
+        payload["template"] = template
+    if vcpus is not None:
+        payload["vcpus"] = vcpus
+    if memory_mb is not None:
+        payload["memory_mb"] = memory_mb
+    if timeout_sec is not None:
+        payload["timeout_sec"] = timeout_sec
+    return payload
+
+
+def _build_snapshot_create(
+    capsule_id: str, name: str | None, overwrite: bool
+) -> tuple[dict, dict]:
+    payload: dict = {"sandbox_id": capsule_id}
+    if name is not None:
+        payload["name"] = name
+    params: dict = {}
+    if overwrite:
+        params["overwrite"] = "true"
+    return payload, params
+
+
+def _snapshot_list_params(type: str | None) -> dict:
+    params: dict = {}
+    if type is not None:
+        params["type"] = type
+    return params
+
+
 class CapsulesResource:
     """Sync capsule control-plane operations."""
 
@@ -51,16 +176,10 @@ class CapsulesResource:
         Returns:
             CapsuleModel: The newly created capsule.
         """
-        payload: dict = {}
+        resp = self._http.post(
-        if template is not None:
+            "/v1/capsules",
-            payload["template"] = template
+            json=_build_capsule_create_payload(template, vcpus, memory_mb, timeout_sec),
-        if vcpus is not None:
+        )
-            payload["vcpus"] = vcpus
-        if memory_mb is not None:
-            payload["memory_mb"] = memory_mb
-        if timeout_sec is not None:
-            payload["timeout_sec"] = timeout_sec
-        resp = self._http.post("/v1/capsules", json=payload)
         return CapsuleModel.model_validate(handle_response(resp))
 
     def list(self) -> list[CapsuleModel]:
@@ -111,7 +230,7 @@ class CapsulesResource:
         Raises:
             WrennNotFoundError: If no capsule with the given ID exists.
         """
-        resp = self._http.post(f"/v1/capsules/{id}/pause", timeout=_LONG_TIMEOUT)
+        resp = self._http.post(f"/v1/capsules/{id}/pause")
         return CapsuleModel.model_validate(handle_response(resp))
 
     def resume(self, id: str) -> CapsuleModel:
@@ -167,16 +286,10 @@ class AsyncCapsulesResource:
         Returns:
             CapsuleModel: The newly created capsule.
         """
-        payload: dict = {}
+        resp = await self._http.post(
-        if template is not None:
+            "/v1/capsules",
-            payload["template"] = template
+            json=_build_capsule_create_payload(template, vcpus, memory_mb, timeout_sec),
-        if vcpus is not None:
+        )
-            payload["vcpus"] = vcpus
-        if memory_mb is not None:
-            payload["memory_mb"] = memory_mb
-        if timeout_sec is not None:
-            payload["timeout_sec"] = timeout_sec
-        resp = await self._http.post("/v1/capsules", json=payload)
         return CapsuleModel.model_validate(handle_response(resp))
 
     async def list(self) -> list[CapsuleModel]:
@@ -227,7 +340,7 @@ class AsyncCapsulesResource:
         Raises:
             WrennNotFoundError: If no capsule with the given ID exists.
         """
-        resp = await self._http.post(f"/v1/capsules/{id}/pause", timeout=_LONG_TIMEOUT)
+        resp = await self._http.post(f"/v1/capsules/{id}/pause")
         return CapsuleModel.model_validate(handle_response(resp))
 
     async def resume(self, id: str) -> CapsuleModel:
@@ -282,12 +395,7 @@ class SnapshotsResource:
         Returns:
             Template: The created snapshot template.
         """
-        payload: dict = {"sandbox_id": capsule_id}
+        payload, params = _build_snapshot_create(capsule_id, name, overwrite)
-        if name is not None:
-            payload["name"] = name
-        params: dict = {}
-        if overwrite:
-            params["overwrite"] = "true"
         resp = self._http.post(
             "/v1/snapshots", json=payload, params=params, timeout=_LONG_TIMEOUT
         )
@@ -303,10 +411,7 @@ class SnapshotsResource:
         Returns:
             list[Template]: Matching snapshot templates.
         """
-        params: dict = {}
+        resp = self._http.get("/v1/snapshots", params=_snapshot_list_params(type))
-        if type is not None:
-            params["type"] = type
-        resp = self._http.get("/v1/snapshots", params=params)
         return [Template.model_validate(item) for item in handle_response(resp)]
 
     def delete(self, name: str) -> None:
@@ -346,12 +451,7 @@ class AsyncSnapshotsResource:
         Returns:
             Template: The created snapshot template.
         """
-        payload: dict = {"sandbox_id": capsule_id}
+        payload, params = _build_snapshot_create(capsule_id, name, overwrite)
-        if name is not None:
-            payload["name"] = name
-        params: dict = {}
-        if overwrite:
-            params["overwrite"] = "true"
         resp = await self._http.post(
             "/v1/snapshots", json=payload, params=params, timeout=_LONG_TIMEOUT
         )
@@ -367,10 +467,7 @@ class AsyncSnapshotsResource:
         Returns:
             list[Template]: Matching snapshot templates.
         """
-        params: dict = {}
+        resp = await self._http.get("/v1/snapshots", params=_snapshot_list_params(type))
-        if type is not None:
-            params["type"] = type
-        resp = await self._http.get("/v1/snapshots", params=params)
         return [Template.model_validate(item) for item in handle_response(resp)]
 
     async def delete(self, name: str) -> None:
@@ -393,19 +490,29 @@ class WrennClient:
 
     Args:
         api_key: API key (``wrn_...``). Falls back to ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
-        base_url: Wrenn API base URL.
+        base_url: Wrenn API base URL. Falls back to ``WRENN_BASE_URL`` env var.
+        proxy_domain: Host suffix for capsule proxy URLs
+            (``{port}-{capsule_id}.<domain>``). Falls back to
+            ``WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN`` env, then ``wrenn.dev`` when ``base_url``
+            is the default ``app.wrenn.dev`` host, else the ``base_url`` host.
+        timeout: HTTP timeout. Accepts ``httpx.Timeout``, a float (seconds),
+            or ``None`` for the default (30s read/write/pool, 10s connect).
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
+        proxy_domain: str | None = None,
+        timeout: httpx.Timeout | float | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self._api_key = _resolve_api_key(api_key)
         self._base_url = base_url or os.environ.get(ENV_BASE_URL, DEFAULT_BASE_URL)
-        self._http = httpx.Client(
+        self._proxy_domain = _resolve_proxy_domain(self._base_url, proxy_domain)
+        self._http = _RetryingClient(
             base_url=self._base_url,
             headers={"X-API-Key": self._api_key},
+            timeout=_resolve_timeout(timeout),
         )
 
         self.capsules = CapsulesResource(self._http)
@@ -440,18 +547,28 @@ class AsyncWrennClient:
     Args:
         api_key: API key (``wrn_...``). Falls back to ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
         base_url: Wrenn API base URL. Falls back to ``WRENN_BASE_URL`` env var.
+        proxy_domain: Host suffix for capsule proxy URLs
+            (``{port}-{capsule_id}.<domain>``). Falls back to
+            ``WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN`` env, then ``wrenn.dev`` when ``base_url``
+            is the default ``app.wrenn.dev`` host, else the ``base_url`` host.
+        timeout: HTTP timeout. Accepts ``httpx.Timeout``, a float (seconds),
+            or ``None`` for the default (30s read/write/pool, 10s connect).
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         api_key: str | None = None,
         base_url: str | None = None,
+        proxy_domain: str | None = None,
+        timeout: httpx.Timeout | float | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self._api_key = _resolve_api_key(api_key)
         self._base_url = base_url or os.environ.get(ENV_BASE_URL, DEFAULT_BASE_URL)
-        self._http = httpx.AsyncClient(
+        self._proxy_domain = _resolve_proxy_domain(self._base_url, proxy_domain)
+        self._http = _RetryingAsyncClient(
             base_url=self._base_url,
             headers={"X-API-Key": self._api_key},
+            timeout=_resolve_timeout(timeout),
         )
 
         self.capsules = AsyncCapsulesResource(self._http)

src/wrenn/code_interpreter/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,33 @@
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule
+"""Deprecated alias for :mod:`wrenn.code_runner`.
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.capsule import Capsule
+
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.models import (
+Importing from ``wrenn.code_interpreter`` emits a ``FutureWarning``.
+Use ``wrenn.code_runner`` instead.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings as _warnings
+
+warnings_emitted: bool = False
+
+
+def _warn_once() -> None:
+    global warnings_emitted
+    if warnings_emitted:
+        return
+    warnings_emitted = True
+    _warnings.warn(
+        "'wrenn.code_interpreter' is deprecated, use 'wrenn.code_runner' instead",
+        FutureWarning,
+        stacklevel=3,
+    )
+
+
+_warn_once()
+
+from wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule  # noqa: E402
+from wrenn.code_runner.capsule import Capsule  # noqa: E402
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import (  # noqa: E402
     Execution,
     ExecutionError,
     Logs,
@@ -20,12 +47,11 @@ __all__ = [
 
 def __getattr__(name: str) -> type:
     import sys
-    import warnings
 
     _module = sys.modules[__name__]
 
     if name == "Sandbox":
-        warnings.warn(
+        _warnings.warn(
             "'Sandbox' is deprecated, use 'Capsule' instead",
             FutureWarning,
             stacklevel=2,

src/wrenn/code_interpreter/async_capsule.py

@@ -1,292 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
+"""Deprecated — use :mod:`wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule`."""
 
-import asyncio
+from wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule  # noqa: F401
-import json
-import time
-import uuid
-from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Any
-
-import httpx
-import httpx_ws
-
-from wrenn.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule as BaseAsyncCapsule
-from wrenn.capsule import _build_proxy_url
-from wrenn.client import AsyncWrennClient
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.capsule import DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.models import (
-    Execution,
-    ExecutionError,
-    Result,
-)
-
-
-class AsyncCapsule(BaseAsyncCapsule):
-    """Async code interpreter capsule with ``run_code`` support.
-
-    Uses ``code-runner-beta`` template by default::
-
-        from wrenn.code_interpreter import AsyncCapsule
-
-        capsule = await AsyncCapsule.create()
-        result = await capsule.run_code("print('hello')")
-    """
-
-    _kernel_id: str | None
-    _proxy_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None
-
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
-        super().__init__(**kwargs)
-        self._kernel_id = None
-        self._proxy_client = None
-
-    async def close(self) -> None:
-        if self._proxy_client is not None:
-            try:
-                await self._proxy_client.aclose()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            self._proxy_client = None
-
-    def __del__(self) -> None:
-        if self._proxy_client is not None:
-            try:
-                import asyncio
-
-                loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-                if loop.is_running():
-                    loop.create_task(self._proxy_client.aclose())
-                else:
-                    loop.run_until_complete(self._proxy_client.aclose())
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            self._proxy_client = None
-
-    @classmethod
-    async def create(
-        cls,
-        template: str | None = None,
-        vcpus: int | None = None,
-        memory_mb: int | None = None,
-        timeout: int | None = None,
-        *,
-        wait: bool = False,
-        api_key: str | None = None,
-        base_url: str | None = None,
-    ) -> AsyncCapsule:
-        """Create a new async code interpreter capsule.
-
-        Args:
-            template (str | None): Template to boot from. Defaults to
-                ``"code-runner-beta"``.
-            vcpus (int | None): Number of virtual CPUs.
-            memory_mb (int | None): Memory in MiB.
-            timeout (int | None): Inactivity TTL in seconds before auto-pause.
-            wait (bool): Await until the capsule reaches ``running`` status.
-            api_key (str | None): Wrenn API key. Falls back to
-                ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
-            base_url (str | None): API base URL override.
-
-        Returns:
-            AsyncCapsule: A new async code interpreter capsule instance.
-        """
-        client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url)
-        info = await client.capsules.create(
-            template=template or DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
-            vcpus=vcpus,
-            memory_mb=memory_mb,
-            timeout_sec=timeout,
-        )
-        capsule = cls(
-            _capsule_id=info.id,
-            _client=client,
-            _info=info,
-        )
-        if wait:
-            await capsule.wait_ready()
-        return capsule
-
-    def _get_proxy_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
-        if self._proxy_client is None:
-            url = (
-                _build_proxy_url(self._client._base_url, self._id, 8888)
-                .replace("ws://", "http://")
-                .replace("wss://", "https://")
-            )
-            self._proxy_client = httpx.AsyncClient(
-                base_url=url,
-                headers={"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key},
-            )
-        return self._proxy_client
-
-    async def _ensure_kernel(self, jupyter_timeout: float = 30) -> str:
-        if self._kernel_id is not None:
-            return self._kernel_id
-
-        client = self._get_proxy_client()
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + jupyter_timeout
-        last_exc: Exception | None = None
-
-        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-            try:
-                # Try to reuse an existing kernel
-                resp = await client.get("/api/kernels")
-                if resp.status_code < 500:
-                    resp.raise_for_status()
-                    kernels = resp.json()
-                    if kernels:
-                        self._kernel_id = kernels[0]["id"]
-                        return self._kernel_id
-                    # No existing kernels, create a new one
-                    resp = await client.post("/api/kernels")
-                    if resp.status_code < 500:
-                        resp.raise_for_status()
-                        self._kernel_id = resp.json()["id"]
-                        return self._kernel_id
-                last_exc = httpx.HTTPStatusError(
-                    f"Jupyter returned {resp.status_code}",
-                    request=resp.request,
-                    response=resp,
-                )
-            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
-                if exc.response.status_code < 500:
-                    raise
-                last_exc = exc
-            except Exception as exc:
-                last_exc = exc
-            await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
-
-        raise TimeoutError(
-            f"Jupyter not available within {jupyter_timeout}s: {last_exc}"
-        )
-
-    def _jupyter_ws_url(self, kernel_id: str) -> str:
-        proxy = _build_proxy_url(self._client._base_url, self._id, 8888)
-        return f"{proxy}/api/kernels/{kernel_id}/channels"
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _jupyter_execute_request(code: str) -> dict:
-        msg_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        return {
-            "header": {
-                "msg_id": msg_id,
-                "msg_type": "execute_request",
-                "username": "wrenn-sdk",
-                "session": str(uuid.uuid4()),
-                "date": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z", time.gmtime()),
-                "version": "5.3",
-            },
-            "parent_header": {},
-            "metadata": {},
-            "content": {
-                "code": code,
-                "silent": False,
-                "store_history": True,
-                "user_expressions": {},
-                "allow_stdin": False,
-                "stop_on_error": True,
-            },
-            "buffers": [],
-            "channel": "shell",
-        }
-
-    async def run_code(
-        self,
-        code: str,
-        language: str = "python",
-        timeout: float = 30,
-        jupyter_timeout: float = 30,
-        on_result: Callable[[Result], Any] | None = None,
-        on_stdout: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
-        on_stderr: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
-        on_error: Callable[[ExecutionError], Any] | None = None,
-    ) -> Execution:
-        """Execute code in a persistent Jupyter kernel (async).
-
-        Args:
-            code: Code string to execute.
-            language: Execution backend language. Currently only ``"python"``.
-            timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for execution to complete.
-            jupyter_timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for Jupyter to become
-                available.
-            on_result: Called for each rich output (charts, images, expression
-                values).
-            on_stdout: Called for each stdout chunk.
-            on_stderr: Called for each stderr chunk.
-            on_error: Called when the cell raises an exception.
-
-        Returns:
-            An :class:`Execution` with ``.results``, ``.logs``, ``.error``,
-            and a convenience ``.text`` property.
-        """
-        kernel_id = await self._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=jupyter_timeout)
-        ws_url = self._jupyter_ws_url(kernel_id)
-
-        msg = self._jupyter_execute_request(code)
-        msg_id = msg["header"]["msg_id"]
-
-        execution = Execution()
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
-        headers = {"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key}
-
-        async with httpx_ws.aconnect_ws(ws_url, headers=headers) as ws:  # type: httpx_ws.AsyncWebSocketSession
-            await ws.send_text(json.dumps(msg))
-            while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-                time_left = deadline - time.monotonic()
-                if time_left <= 0:
-                    break
-                try:
-                    data = await asyncio.wait_for(ws.receive_json(), timeout=time_left)
-                except Exception:
-                    break
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                parent = data.get("parent_header", {}).get("msg_id")
-                if parent != msg_id:
-                    continue
-                msg_type = data.get("msg_type") or data.get("header", {}).get(
-                    "msg_type"
-                )
-                content = data.get("content", {})
-
-                if msg_type == "stream":
-                    text = content.get("text", "")
-                    name = content.get("name", "stdout")
-                    if name == "stderr":
-                        execution.logs.stderr.append(text)
-                        if on_stderr is not None:
-                            on_stderr(text)
-                    else:
-                        execution.logs.stdout.append(text)
-                        if on_stdout is not None:
-                            on_stdout(text)
-                elif msg_type in ("execute_result", "display_data"):
-                    bundle = content.get("data", {})
-                    is_main = msg_type == "execute_result"
-                    result = Result.from_bundle(bundle, is_main_result=is_main)
-                    execution.results.append(result)
-                    if is_main:
-                        execution.execution_count = content.get("execution_count")
-                    if on_result is not None:
-                        on_result(result)
-                elif msg_type == "error":
-                    err = ExecutionError(
-                        name=content.get("ename", ""),
-                        value=content.get("evalue", ""),
-                        traceback="\n".join(content.get("traceback", [])),
-                    )
-                    execution.error = err
-                    if on_error is not None:
-                        on_error(err)
-                elif msg_type == "status" and content.get("execution_state") == "idle":
-                    break
-
-        return execution
-
-    async def __aexit__(self, *args) -> None:
-        if self._proxy_client is not None:
-            try:
-                await self._proxy_client.aclose()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-        await super().__aexit__(*args)

src/wrenn/code_interpreter/capsule.py

@@ -1,307 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
+"""Deprecated — use :mod:`wrenn.code_runner.capsule`."""
 
-import json
+from wrenn.code_runner.capsule import (  # noqa: F401
-import time
+    DEFAULT_KERNEL,
-import uuid
+    DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
-from collections.abc import Callable
+    Capsule,
-from typing import Any
-
-import httpx
-import httpx_ws
-
-from wrenn.capsule import Capsule as BaseCapsule
-from wrenn.capsule import _build_proxy_url
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.models import (
-    Execution,
-    ExecutionError,
-    Result,
 )
-
-DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = "code-runner-beta"
-
-
-class Capsule(BaseCapsule):
-    """Code interpreter capsule with ``run_code`` support.
-
-    Uses ``code-runner-beta`` template by default::
-
-        from wrenn.code_interpreter import Capsule
-
-        capsule = Capsule()
-        result = capsule.run_code("print('hello')")
-        print(result.logs.stdout)  # ["hello\\n"]
-    """
-
-    _kernel_id: str | None
-    _proxy_client: httpx.Client | None
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        template: str | None = None,
-        vcpus: int | None = None,
-        memory_mb: int | None = None,
-        timeout: int | None = None,
-        *,
-        api_key: str | None = None,
-        base_url: str | None = None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Create a code interpreter capsule.
-
-        Args:
-            template (str | None): Template to boot from. Defaults to
-                ``"code-runner-beta"``.
-            vcpus (int | None): Number of virtual CPUs.
-            memory_mb (int | None): Memory in MiB.
-            timeout (int | None): Inactivity TTL in seconds before auto-pause.
-            api_key (str | None): Wrenn API key. Falls back to
-                ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
-            base_url (str | None): API base URL override.
-        """
-        super().__init__(
-            template=template or DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
-            vcpus=vcpus,
-            memory_mb=memory_mb,
-            timeout=timeout,
-            api_key=api_key,
-            base_url=base_url,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-        self._kernel_id = None
-        self._proxy_client = None
-
-    def close(self) -> None:
-        if self._proxy_client is not None:
-            try:
-                self._proxy_client.close()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            self._proxy_client = None
-
-    def __del__(self) -> None:
-        self.close()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def create(
-        cls,
-        template: str | None = None,
-        vcpus: int | None = None,
-        memory_mb: int | None = None,
-        timeout: int | None = None,
-        *,
-        wait: bool = False,
-        api_key: str | None = None,
-        base_url: str | None = None,
-    ) -> Capsule:
-        """Create a new code interpreter capsule.
-
-        Args:
-            template (str | None): Template to boot from. Defaults to
-                ``"code-runner-beta"``.
-            vcpus (int | None): Number of virtual CPUs.
-            memory_mb (int | None): Memory in MiB.
-            timeout (int | None): Inactivity TTL in seconds before auto-pause.
-            wait (bool): Block until the capsule reaches ``running`` status.
-            api_key (str | None): Wrenn API key. Falls back to
-                ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
-            base_url (str | None): API base URL override.
-
-        Returns:
-            Capsule: A new code interpreter capsule instance.
-        """
-        return cls(
-            template=template or DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
-            vcpus=vcpus,
-            memory_mb=memory_mb,
-            timeout=timeout,
-            wait=wait,
-            api_key=api_key,
-            base_url=base_url,
-        )
-
-    def _get_proxy_client(self) -> httpx.Client:
-        if self._proxy_client is None:
-            url = (
-                _build_proxy_url(self._client._base_url, self._id, 8888)
-                .replace("ws://", "http://")
-                .replace("wss://", "https://")
-            )
-            self._proxy_client = httpx.Client(
-                base_url=url,
-                headers={"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key},
-            )
-        return self._proxy_client
-
-    def _ensure_kernel(self, jupyter_timeout: float = 30) -> str:
-        if self._kernel_id is not None:
-            return self._kernel_id
-
-        client = self._get_proxy_client()
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + jupyter_timeout
-        last_exc: Exception | None = None
-
-        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-            try:
-                # Try to reuse an existing kernel
-                resp = client.get("/api/kernels")
-                if resp.status_code < 500:
-                    resp.raise_for_status()
-                    kernels = resp.json()
-                    if kernels:
-                        self._kernel_id = kernels[0]["id"]
-                        return self._kernel_id
-                    # No existing kernels, create a new one
-                    resp = client.post("/api/kernels")
-                    if resp.status_code < 500:
-                        resp.raise_for_status()
-                        self._kernel_id = resp.json()["id"]
-                        return self._kernel_id
-                last_exc = httpx.HTTPStatusError(
-                    f"Jupyter returned {resp.status_code}",
-                    request=resp.request,
-                    response=resp,
-                )
-            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
-                if exc.response.status_code < 500:
-                    raise
-                last_exc = exc
-            except Exception as exc:
-                last_exc = exc
-            time.sleep(0.5)
-
-        raise TimeoutError(
-            f"Jupyter not available within {jupyter_timeout}s: {last_exc}"
-        )
-
-    def _jupyter_ws_url(self, kernel_id: str) -> str:
-        proxy = _build_proxy_url(self._client._base_url, self._id, 8888)
-        return f"{proxy}/api/kernels/{kernel_id}/channels"
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _jupyter_execute_request(code: str) -> dict:
-        msg_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        return {
-            "header": {
-                "msg_id": msg_id,
-                "msg_type": "execute_request",
-                "username": "wrenn-sdk",
-                "session": str(uuid.uuid4()),
-                "date": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z", time.gmtime()),
-                "version": "5.3",
-            },
-            "parent_header": {},
-            "metadata": {},
-            "content": {
-                "code": code,
-                "silent": False,
-                "store_history": True,
-                "user_expressions": {},
-                "allow_stdin": False,
-                "stop_on_error": True,
-            },
-            "buffers": [],
-            "channel": "shell",
-        }
-
-    def run_code(
-        self,
-        code: str,
-        language: str = "python",
-        timeout: float = 30,
-        jupyter_timeout: float = 30,
-        on_result: Callable[[Result], Any] | None = None,
-        on_stdout: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
-        on_stderr: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
-        on_error: Callable[[ExecutionError], Any] | None = None,
-    ) -> Execution:
-        """Execute code in a persistent Jupyter kernel.
-
-        Variables, imports, and function definitions survive across calls.
-
-        Args:
-            code: Code string to execute.
-            language: Execution backend language. Currently only ``"python"``.
-            timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for execution to complete.
-            jupyter_timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for Jupyter to become
-                available.
-            on_result: Called for each rich output (charts, images, expression
-                values).
-            on_stdout: Called for each stdout chunk.
-            on_stderr: Called for each stderr chunk.
-            on_error: Called when the cell raises an exception.
-
-        Returns:
-            An :class:`Execution` with ``.results``, ``.logs``, ``.error``,
-            and a convenience ``.text`` property.
-        """
-        kernel_id = self._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=jupyter_timeout)
-        ws_url = self._jupyter_ws_url(kernel_id)
-
-        msg = self._jupyter_execute_request(code)
-        msg_id = msg["header"]["msg_id"]
-
-        execution = Execution()
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
-        headers = {"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key}
-
-        with httpx_ws.connect_ws(ws_url, headers=headers) as ws:  # type: httpx_ws.WebSocketSession
-            ws.send_text(json.dumps(msg))
-            while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-                time_left = deadline - time.monotonic()
-                if time_left <= 0:
-                    break
-                try:
-                    data = ws.receive_json(timeout=time_left)
-                except Exception:
-                    break
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                parent = data.get("parent_header", {}).get("msg_id")
-                if parent != msg_id:
-                    continue
-                msg_type = data.get("msg_type") or data.get("header", {}).get(
-                    "msg_type"
-                )
-                content = data.get("content", {})
-
-                if msg_type == "stream":
-                    text = content.get("text", "")
-                    name = content.get("name", "stdout")
-                    if name == "stderr":
-                        execution.logs.stderr.append(text)
-                        if on_stderr is not None:
-                            on_stderr(text)
-                    else:
-                        execution.logs.stdout.append(text)
-                        if on_stdout is not None:
-                            on_stdout(text)
-                elif msg_type in ("execute_result", "display_data"):
-                    bundle = content.get("data", {})
-                    is_main = msg_type == "execute_result"
-                    result = Result.from_bundle(bundle, is_main_result=is_main)
-                    execution.results.append(result)
-                    if is_main:
-                        execution.execution_count = content.get("execution_count")
-                    if on_result is not None:
-                        on_result(result)
-                elif msg_type == "error":
-                    err = ExecutionError(
-                        name=content.get("ename", ""),
-                        value=content.get("evalue", ""),
-                        traceback="\n".join(content.get("traceback", [])),
-                    )
-                    execution.error = err
-                    if on_error is not None:
-                        on_error(err)
-                elif msg_type == "status" and content.get("execution_state") == "idle":
-                    break
-
-        return execution
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args) -> None:
-        if self._proxy_client is not None:
-            try:
-                self._proxy_client.close()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-        super().__exit__(*args)

src/wrenn/code_interpreter/models.py

@@ -1,156 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
+"""Deprecated — use :mod:`wrenn.code_runner.models`."""
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import (  # noqa: F401
-
+    Execution,
-_MIME_MAP: dict[str, str] = {
+    ExecutionError,
-    "text/plain": "text",
+    Logs,
-    "text/html": "html",
+    Result,
-    "text/markdown": "markdown",
+)
-    "image/svg+xml": "svg",
-    "image/png": "png",
-    "image/jpeg": "jpeg",
-    "application/pdf": "pdf",
-    "text/latex": "latex",
-    "application/json": "json",
-    "application/javascript": "javascript",
-}
-
-
-@dataclass
-class ExecutionError:
-    """Error raised during code execution.
-
-    Attributes:
-        name: Exception class name (e.g. ``"NameError"``).
-        value: Exception message.
-        traceback: Full traceback string.
-    """
-
-    name: str = ""
-    value: str = ""
-    traceback: str = ""
-
-
-@dataclass
-class Logs:
-    """Captured stdout/stderr streams.
-
-    Each element in the list is one chunk of text as it arrived from
-    the kernel.
-    """
-
-    stdout: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
-    stderr: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
-
-
-@dataclass
-class Result:
-    """A single rich output from code execution.
-
-    Jupyter cells can produce multiple outputs — one ``execute_result``
-    (the expression value) and zero or more ``display_data`` messages
-    (from ``plt.show()``, ``display()``, etc.).  Each becomes a
-    ``Result``.
-
-    Known MIME types are unpacked into named attributes; anything else
-    lands in :pyattr:`extra`.
-    """
-
-    # --- MIME type fields ---
-    text: str | None = None
-    """``text/plain`` representation."""
-    html: str | None = None
-    """``text/html`` representation."""
-    markdown: str | None = None
-    """``text/markdown`` representation."""
-    svg: str | None = None
-    """``image/svg+xml`` representation."""
-    png: str | None = None
-    """``image/png`` — base64-encoded."""
-    jpeg: str | None = None
-    """``image/jpeg`` — base64-encoded."""
-    pdf: str | None = None
-    """``application/pdf`` — base64-encoded."""
-    latex: str | None = None
-    """``text/latex`` representation."""
-    json: dict | None = None
-    """``application/json`` representation."""
-    javascript: str | None = None
-    """``application/javascript`` representation."""
-    extra: dict[str, str] | None = None
-    """MIME types not covered by the named fields above."""
-
-    is_main_result: bool = False
-    """``True`` when this came from an ``execute_result`` message
-    (i.e. the value of the last expression in the cell).  ``False``
-    for ``display_data`` outputs."""
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_bundle(
-        cls, bundle: dict[str, str], *, is_main_result: bool = False
-    ) -> Result:
-        """Build a ``Result`` from a Jupyter MIME bundle dict."""
-        kwargs: dict = {"is_main_result": is_main_result}
-        extra: dict[str, str] = {}
-        for mime, value in bundle.items():
-            attr = _MIME_MAP.get(mime)
-            if attr is not None:
-                kwargs[attr] = value
-            else:
-                extra[mime] = value
-        if extra:
-            kwargs["extra"] = extra
-        # Strip surrounding quotes from text/plain (Jupyter repr artefact)
-        text = kwargs.get("text")
-        if isinstance(text, str) and len(text) >= 2:
-            if (text[0] == text[-1]) and text[0] in ("'", '"'):
-                kwargs["text"] = text[1:-1]
-        return cls(**kwargs)
-
-    def formats(self) -> list[str]:
-        """Return names of non-``None`` MIME-type fields."""
-        out: list[str] = []
-        for attr in (
-            "text",
-            "html",
-            "markdown",
-            "svg",
-            "png",
-            "jpeg",
-            "pdf",
-            "latex",
-            "json",
-            "javascript",
-        ):
-            if getattr(self, attr) is not None:
-                out.append(attr)
-        if self.extra:
-            out.extend(self.extra)
-        return out
-
-
-@dataclass
-class Execution:
-    """Complete result of a ``run_code`` call.
-
-    Attributes:
-        results: All rich outputs produced by the cell — charts, tables,
-            images, expression values, etc.
-        logs: Captured stdout/stderr text.
-        error: Populated when the cell raised an exception.
-        execution_count: Jupyter execution counter (the ``[N]`` number).
-    """
-
-    results: list[Result] = field(default_factory=list)
-    logs: Logs = field(default_factory=Logs)
-    error: ExecutionError | None = None
-    execution_count: int | None = None
-
-    @property
-    def text(self) -> str | None:
-        """Convenience — ``text/plain`` of the main ``execute_result``,
-        or ``None`` if the cell had no expression value."""
-        for r in self.results:
-            if r.is_main_result:
-                return r.text
-        return None

src/wrenn/code_runner/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+"""Code runner — execute code in persistent Jupyter kernels.
+
+Uses the ``code-runner-beta`` template and the ``wrenn`` Jupyter
+kernelspec by default.
+
+Example::
+
+    from wrenn.code_runner import Capsule
+
+    with Capsule(wait=True) as capsule:
+        result = capsule.run_code("print('hello')")
+        print(result.logs.stdout)
+"""
+
+from wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule
+from wrenn.code_runner.capsule import DEFAULT_KERNEL, DEFAULT_TEMPLATE, Capsule
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import (
+    Execution,
+    ExecutionError,
+    Logs,
+    Result,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AsyncCapsule",
+    "Capsule",
+    "DEFAULT_KERNEL",
+    "DEFAULT_TEMPLATE",
+    "Execution",
+    "ExecutionError",
+    "Logs",
+    "Result",
+    "Sandbox",
+]
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> type:
+    import sys
+    import warnings
+
+    _module = sys.modules[__name__]
+
+    if name == "Sandbox":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'Sandbox' is deprecated, use 'Capsule' instead",
+            FutureWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        setattr(_module, name, Capsule)
+        return Capsule
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")

src/wrenn/code_runner/_protocol.py

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+"""Shared Jupyter protocol helpers used by both sync and async capsules.
+
+Pure functions only — no I/O, no sync/async coupling.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
+from wrenn.capsule import _build_proxy_url
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import (
+    Execution,
+    ExecutionError,
+    Result,
+)
+
+
+def build_execute_request(code: str) -> dict:
+    """Build a Jupyter ``execute_request`` message envelope.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: A fully-formed Jupyter shell-channel message ready to be
+        JSON-serialized over the kernel WebSocket. The caller is
+        expected to read ``msg["header"]["msg_id"]`` to correlate
+        responses.
+    """
+    msg_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    return {
+        "header": {
+            "msg_id": msg_id,
+            "msg_type": "execute_request",
+            "username": "wrenn-sdk",
+            "session": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+            "date": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z", time.gmtime()),
+            "version": "5.3",
+        },
+        "parent_header": {},
+        "metadata": {},
+        "content": {
+            "code": code,
+            "silent": False,
+            "store_history": True,
+            "user_expressions": {},
+            "allow_stdin": False,
+            "stop_on_error": True,
+        },
+        "buffers": [],
+        "channel": "shell",
+    }
+
+
+def pick_kernel_id(kernels: list[dict], kernel_name: str) -> str | None:
+    """Return the ID of the first kernel matching ``kernel_name``, else ``None``."""
+    for k in kernels:
+        if k.get("name") == kernel_name:
+            return k.get("id")
+    return None
+
+
+def apply_kernel_message(
+    data: dict,
+    msg_id: str,
+    execution: Execution,
+    emit_error: Callable[[ExecutionError], None],
+    on_result: Callable[[Result], Any] | None,
+    on_stdout: Callable[[str], Any] | None,
+    on_stderr: Callable[[str], Any] | None,
+) -> bool:
+    """Apply one Jupyter IOPub message to ``execution``.
+
+    Returns ``True`` when the message marks idle (cell done); the caller
+    should stop reading further messages.
+    """
+    parent = data.get("parent_header", {}).get("msg_id")
+    if parent != msg_id:
+        return False
+    msg_type = data.get("msg_type") or data.get("header", {}).get("msg_type")
+    content = data.get("content", {})
+
+    if msg_type == "stream":
+        text = content.get("text", "")
+        name = content.get("name", "stdout")
+        if name == "stderr":
+            execution.logs.stderr.append(text)
+            if on_stderr is not None:
+                on_stderr(text)
+        else:
+            execution.logs.stdout.append(text)
+            if on_stdout is not None:
+                on_stdout(text)
+    elif msg_type in ("execute_result", "display_data"):
+        bundle = content.get("data", {})
+        is_main = msg_type == "execute_result"
+        result = Result.from_bundle(bundle, is_main_result=is_main)
+        execution.results.append(result)
+        if is_main:
+            execution.execution_count = content.get("execution_count")
+        if on_result is not None:
+            on_result(result)
+    elif msg_type == "error":
+        emit_error(
+            ExecutionError(
+                name=content.get("ename", ""),
+                value=content.get("evalue", ""),
+                traceback="\n".join(content.get("traceback", [])),
+            )
+        )
+    elif msg_type == "status" and content.get("execution_state") == "idle":
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def validate_language(language: str) -> None:
+    if language != "python":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"language={language!r} is not supported; only 'python'. "
+            "Use the ``kernel=`` constructor argument to target a "
+            "non-Python kernelspec."
+        )
+
+
+def build_ws_url(
+    base_url: str,
+    capsule_id: str,
+    kernel_id: str,
+    proxy_domain: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Build the Jupyter kernel WebSocket URL for the given capsule."""
+    proxy = _build_proxy_url(base_url, capsule_id, 8888, proxy_domain)
+    return f"{proxy}/api/kernels/{kernel_id}/channels"

src/wrenn/code_runner/async_capsule.py

@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+import time
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
+import httpx
+import httpx_ws
+
+from wrenn.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule as BaseAsyncCapsule
+from wrenn.capsule import _build_http_proxy_url
+from wrenn.client import AsyncWrennClient
+from wrenn.code_runner._protocol import (
+    apply_kernel_message,
+    build_execute_request,
+    build_ws_url,
+    pick_kernel_id,
+    validate_language,
+)
+from wrenn.code_runner.capsule import DEFAULT_KERNEL, DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import (
+    Execution,
+    ExecutionError,
+    Result,
+)
+
+
+class AsyncCapsule(BaseAsyncCapsule):
+    """Async code runner capsule with ``run_code`` support.
+
+    Uses ``code-runner-beta`` template and the ``wrenn`` Jupyter
+    kernelspec by default::
+
+        from wrenn.code_runner import AsyncCapsule
+
+        capsule = await AsyncCapsule.create()
+        result = await capsule.run_code("print('hello')")
+    """
+
+    _kernel_id: str | None
+    _kernel_name: str
+    _proxy_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None
+    _ws: httpx_ws.AsyncWebSocketSession | None
+    _ws_cm: Any
+
+    def __init__(self, *, kernel: str | None = None, **kwargs) -> None:
+        # Set attrs before super().__init__ so __del__ never sees a
+        # half-constructed instance.
+        self._kernel_id = None
+        self._kernel_name = kernel or DEFAULT_KERNEL
+        self._proxy_client = None
+        self._ws = None
+        self._ws_cm = None
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    async def _close_ws(self) -> None:
+        cm = getattr(self, "_ws_cm", None)
+        if cm is not None:
+            try:
+                await cm.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        self._ws = None
+        self._ws_cm = None
+
+    async def _get_ws(self, kernel_id: str) -> httpx_ws.AsyncWebSocketSession:
+        if self._ws is not None:
+            return self._ws
+        ws_url = build_ws_url(
+            self._client._base_url,
+            self._id,
+            kernel_id,
+            self._client._proxy_domain,
+        )
+        headers = {"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key}
+        cm: Any = httpx_ws.aconnect_ws(ws_url, headers=headers)
+        try:
+            ws = await cm.__aenter__()
+        except BaseException:
+            try:
+                await cm.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            raise
+        self._ws_cm = cm
+        self._ws = ws
+        return ws
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        await self._close_ws()
+        proxy = getattr(self, "_proxy_client", None)
+        if proxy is not None:
+            try:
+                await proxy.aclose()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            self._proxy_client = None
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        # Async client cannot be safely closed from __del__; just drop the
+        # reference and let httpx warn if the connection was never closed.
+        # Users should call ``await close()`` or use ``async with``.
+        self._proxy_client = None
+        self._ws = None
+        self._ws_cm = None
+
+    async def _instance_destroy(self, wait: bool = False) -> None:
+        # Release WS + proxy client before destroying the capsule.
+        await self.close()
+        await super()._instance_destroy(wait=wait)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def create(
+        cls,
+        template: str | None = None,
+        vcpus: int | None = None,
+        memory_mb: int | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        kernel: str | None = None,
+        wait: bool = False,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncCapsule:
+        """Create a new async code runner capsule.
+
+        Args:
+            template (str | None): Template to boot from. Defaults to
+                ``"code-runner-beta"``.
+            vcpus (int | None): Number of virtual CPUs.
+            memory_mb (int | None): Memory in MiB.
+            timeout (int | None): Inactivity TTL in seconds before auto-pause.
+            kernel (str | None): Jupyter kernelspec name. Defaults to
+                ``"wrenn"``.
+            wait (bool): Await until the capsule reaches ``running`` status.
+            api_key (str | None): Wrenn API key. Falls back to
+                ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
+            base_url (str | None): API base URL override.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCapsule: A new async code runner capsule instance.
+        """
+        client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key=api_key, base_url=base_url)
+        try:
+            info = await client.capsules.create(
+                template=template or DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
+                vcpus=vcpus,
+                memory_mb=memory_mb,
+                timeout_sec=timeout,
+            )
+            if info.id is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("API returned a capsule without an ID")
+            capsule = cls(
+                kernel=kernel,
+                _capsule_id=info.id,
+                _client=client,
+                _info=info,
+            )
+            if wait:
+                await capsule.wait_ready()
+            return capsule
+        except BaseException:
+            await client.aclose()
+            raise
+
+    def _get_proxy_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
+        if self._proxy_client is None:
+            url = _build_http_proxy_url(
+                self._client._base_url,
+                self._id,
+                8888,
+                self._client._proxy_domain,
+            )
+            self._proxy_client = httpx.AsyncClient(
+                base_url=url,
+                headers={"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key},
+            )
+        return self._proxy_client
+
+    async def _ensure_kernel(self, jupyter_timeout: float = 30) -> str:
+        if self._kernel_id is not None:
+            return self._kernel_id
+
+        client = self._get_proxy_client()
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + jupyter_timeout
+        last_exc: Exception | None = None
+
+        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+            try:
+                resp = await client.get("/api/kernels")
+                if resp.status_code < 500:
+                    resp.raise_for_status()
+                    matched = pick_kernel_id(resp.json(), self._kernel_name)
+                    if matched is not None:
+                        self._kernel_id = matched
+                        return matched
+                    resp = await client.post(
+                        "/api/kernels",
+                        json={"name": self._kernel_name},
+                    )
+                    if resp.status_code < 500:
+                        resp.raise_for_status()
+                        self._kernel_id = resp.json()["id"]
+                        return self._kernel_id
+                last_exc = httpx.HTTPStatusError(
+                    f"Jupyter returned {resp.status_code}",
+                    request=resp.request,
+                    response=resp,
+                )
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
+                if exc.response.status_code < 500:
+                    raise
+                last_exc = exc
+            except Exception as exc:
+                last_exc = exc
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
+
+        raise TimeoutError(
+            f"Jupyter not available within {jupyter_timeout}s: {last_exc}"
+        )
+
+    async def run_code(
+        self,
+        code: str,
+        language: str = "python",
+        timeout: float = 30,
+        jupyter_timeout: float = 30,
+        on_result: Callable[[Result], Any] | None = None,
+        on_stdout: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+        on_stderr: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+        on_error: Callable[[ExecutionError], Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Execution:
+        """Execute code in a persistent Jupyter kernel (async).
+
+        Variables, imports, and function definitions survive across calls.
+
+        Args:
+            code: Code string to execute.
+            language: Execution backend language. Currently only ``"python"``
+                is supported; passing anything else raises ``ValueError``.
+                To target a non-Python kernel, set ``kernel=`` on the
+                capsule constructor.
+            timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for execution to complete.
+            jupyter_timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for Jupyter to become
+                available.
+            on_result: Called for each rich output (charts, images, expression
+                values).
+            on_stdout: Called for each stdout chunk.
+            on_stderr: Called for each stderr chunk.
+            on_error: Called when the cell raises an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            An :class:`Execution` with ``.results``, ``.logs``, ``.error``,
+            and a convenience ``.text`` property.
+        """
+        validate_language(language)
+        kernel_id = await self._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=jupyter_timeout)
+
+        msg = build_execute_request(code)
+        msg_id = msg["header"]["msg_id"]
+
+        execution = Execution()
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+        saw_idle = False
+
+        def _emit_error(err: ExecutionError) -> None:
+            execution.error = err
+            if on_error is not None:
+                on_error(err)
+
+        reconnect_attempts = 1
+        sent = False
+        while True:
+            try:
+                ws = await self._get_ws(kernel_id)
+                if not sent:
+                    await ws.send_text(json.dumps(msg))
+                    sent = True
+                while True:
+                    time_left = deadline - time.monotonic()
+                    if time_left <= 0:
+                        break
+                    data = await asyncio.wait_for(ws.receive_json(), timeout=time_left)
+                    if not data:
+                        break
+                    if apply_kernel_message(
+                        data,
+                        msg_id,
+                        execution,
+                        _emit_error,
+                        on_result,
+                        on_stdout,
+                        on_stderr,
+                    ):
+                        saw_idle = True
+                        break
+                break
+            except TimeoutError:
+                break
+            except (
+                httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect,
+                httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError,
+                httpx.ReadError,
+                httpx.RemoteProtocolError,
+            ) as exc:
+                await self._close_ws()
+                if reconnect_attempts > 0 and not sent:
+                    reconnect_attempts -= 1
+                    continue
+                _emit_error(
+                    ExecutionError(
+                        name="Disconnected",
+                        value=f"kernel WebSocket closed: {exc}",
+                    )
+                )
+                execution.timed_out = True
+                break
+
+        if not saw_idle and execution.error is None:
+            execution.timed_out = True
+            _emit_error(
+                ExecutionError(
+                    name="Timeout",
+                    value=f"run_code exceeded {timeout}s",
+                )
+            )
+
+        return execution
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *args) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+        await super().__aexit__(*args)

src/wrenn/code_runner/capsule.py

@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import time
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
+import httpx
+import httpx_ws
+
+from wrenn.capsule import Capsule as BaseCapsule
+from wrenn.capsule import _build_http_proxy_url
+from wrenn.code_runner._protocol import (
+    apply_kernel_message,
+    build_execute_request,
+    build_ws_url,
+    pick_kernel_id,
+    validate_language,
+)
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import (
+    Execution,
+    ExecutionError,
+    Result,
+)
+
+DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = "code-runner-beta"
+DEFAULT_KERNEL = "wrenn"
+
+
+class Capsule(BaseCapsule):
+    """Code runner capsule with ``run_code`` support.
+
+    Uses ``code-runner-beta`` template and the ``wrenn`` Jupyter
+    kernelspec by default::
+
+        from wrenn.code_runner import Capsule
+
+        capsule = Capsule()
+        result = capsule.run_code("print('hello')")
+        print(result.logs.stdout)  # ["hello\\n"]
+    """
+
+    _kernel_id: str | None
+    _kernel_name: str
+    _proxy_client: httpx.Client | None
+    _ws: httpx_ws.WebSocketSession | None
+    _ws_cm: Any
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        template: str | None = None,
+        vcpus: int | None = None,
+        memory_mb: int | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        kernel: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a code runner capsule.
+
+        Args:
+            template (str | None): Template to boot from. Defaults to
+                ``"code-runner-beta"``.
+            vcpus (int | None): Number of virtual CPUs.
+            memory_mb (int | None): Memory in MiB.
+            timeout (int | None): Inactivity TTL in seconds before auto-pause.
+            kernel (str | None): Jupyter kernelspec name. Defaults to
+                ``"wrenn"``.
+            api_key (str | None): Wrenn API key. Falls back to
+                ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
+            base_url (str | None): API base URL override.
+        """
+        # Set attrs before super().__init__ so __del__ never sees a
+        # half-constructed instance if creation fails.
+        self._kernel_id = None
+        self._kernel_name = kernel or DEFAULT_KERNEL
+        self._proxy_client = None
+        self._ws = None
+        self._ws_cm = None
+        super().__init__(
+            template=template or DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
+            vcpus=vcpus,
+            memory_mb=memory_mb,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            api_key=api_key,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _close_ws(self) -> None:
+        cm = getattr(self, "_ws_cm", None)
+        if cm is not None:
+            try:
+                cm.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        self._ws = None
+        self._ws_cm = None
+
+    def _get_ws(self, kernel_id: str) -> httpx_ws.WebSocketSession:
+        if self._ws is not None:
+            return self._ws
+        ws_url = build_ws_url(
+            self._client._base_url,
+            self._id,
+            kernel_id,
+            self._client._proxy_domain,
+        )
+        headers = {"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key}
+        cm: Any = httpx_ws.connect_ws(ws_url, headers=headers)
+        try:
+            ws = cm.__enter__()
+        except BaseException:
+            try:
+                cm.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            raise
+        self._ws_cm = cm
+        self._ws = ws
+        return ws
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._close_ws()
+        proxy = getattr(self, "_proxy_client", None)
+        if proxy is not None:
+            try:
+                proxy.close()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            self._proxy_client = None
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _instance_destroy(self, wait: bool = False) -> None:
+        # Release WS threads + proxy client before destroying.
+        # httpx_ws sync sessions spawn non-daemon threads; not joining
+        # them keeps the interpreter alive after tests/scripts return.
+        self.close()
+        super()._instance_destroy(wait=wait)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        template: str | None = None,
+        vcpus: int | None = None,
+        memory_mb: int | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        kernel: str | None = None,
+        wait: bool = False,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
+    ) -> Capsule:
+        """Create a new code runner capsule.
+
+        Args:
+            template (str | None): Template to boot from. Defaults to
+                ``"code-runner-beta"``.
+            vcpus (int | None): Number of virtual CPUs.
+            memory_mb (int | None): Memory in MiB.
+            timeout (int | None): Inactivity TTL in seconds before auto-pause.
+            kernel (str | None): Jupyter kernelspec name. Defaults to
+                ``"wrenn"``.
+            wait (bool): Block until the capsule reaches ``running`` status.
+            api_key (str | None): Wrenn API key. Falls back to
+                ``WRENN_API_KEY`` env var.
+            base_url (str | None): API base URL override.
+
+        Returns:
+            Capsule: A new code runner capsule instance.
+        """
+        return cls(
+            template=template or DEFAULT_TEMPLATE,
+            vcpus=vcpus,
+            memory_mb=memory_mb,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            kernel=kernel,
+            wait=wait,
+            api_key=api_key,
+            base_url=base_url,
+        )
+
+    def _get_proxy_client(self) -> httpx.Client:
+        if self._proxy_client is None:
+            url = _build_http_proxy_url(
+                self._client._base_url,
+                self._id,
+                8888,
+                self._client._proxy_domain,
+            )
+            self._proxy_client = httpx.Client(
+                base_url=url,
+                headers={"X-API-Key": self._client._api_key},
+            )
+        return self._proxy_client
+
+    def _ensure_kernel(self, jupyter_timeout: float = 30) -> str:
+        if self._kernel_id is not None:
+            return self._kernel_id
+
+        client = self._get_proxy_client()
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + jupyter_timeout
+        last_exc: Exception | None = None
+
+        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+            try:
+                # Try to reuse an existing kernel of the requested kernelspec.
+                resp = client.get("/api/kernels")
+                if resp.status_code < 500:
+                    resp.raise_for_status()
+                    matched = pick_kernel_id(resp.json(), self._kernel_name)
+                    if matched is not None:
+                        self._kernel_id = matched
+                        return matched
+                    # No matching kernel; create one with the requested spec.
+                    resp = client.post(
+                        "/api/kernels",
+                        json={"name": self._kernel_name},
+                    )
+                    if resp.status_code < 500:
+                        resp.raise_for_status()
+                        self._kernel_id = resp.json()["id"]
+                        return self._kernel_id
+                last_exc = httpx.HTTPStatusError(
+                    f"Jupyter returned {resp.status_code}",
+                    request=resp.request,
+                    response=resp,
+                )
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
+                if exc.response.status_code < 500:
+                    raise
+                last_exc = exc
+            except Exception as exc:
+                last_exc = exc
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+
+        raise TimeoutError(
+            f"Jupyter not available within {jupyter_timeout}s: {last_exc}"
+        )
+
+    def run_code(
+        self,
+        code: str,
+        language: str = "python",
+        timeout: float = 30,
+        jupyter_timeout: float = 30,
+        on_result: Callable[[Result], Any] | None = None,
+        on_stdout: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+        on_stderr: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+        on_error: Callable[[ExecutionError], Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Execution:
+        """Execute code in a persistent Jupyter kernel.
+
+        Variables, imports, and function definitions survive across calls.
+
+        Args:
+            code: Code string to execute.
+            language: Execution backend language. Currently only ``"python"``
+                is supported; passing anything else raises ``ValueError``.
+                To target a non-Python kernel, set ``kernel=`` on the
+                capsule constructor.
+            timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for execution to complete.
+            jupyter_timeout: Maximum seconds to wait for Jupyter to become
+                available.
+            on_result: Called for each rich output (charts, images, expression
+                values).
+            on_stdout: Called for each stdout chunk.
+            on_stderr: Called for each stderr chunk.
+            on_error: Called when the cell raises an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            An :class:`Execution` with ``.results``, ``.logs``, ``.error``,
+            and a convenience ``.text`` property.
+        """
+        validate_language(language)
+        kernel_id = self._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=jupyter_timeout)
+
+        msg = build_execute_request(code)
+        msg_id = msg["header"]["msg_id"]
+
+        execution = Execution()
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
+        saw_idle = False
+
+        def _emit_error(err: ExecutionError) -> None:
+            execution.error = err
+            if on_error is not None:
+                on_error(err)
+
+        reconnect_attempts = 1
+        sent = False
+        while True:
+            try:
+                ws = self._get_ws(kernel_id)
+                if not sent:
+                    ws.send_text(json.dumps(msg))
+                    sent = True
+                while True:
+                    time_left = deadline - time.monotonic()
+                    if time_left <= 0:
+                        break
+                    data = ws.receive_json(timeout=time_left)
+                    if not data:
+                        break
+                    if apply_kernel_message(
+                        data,
+                        msg_id,
+                        execution,
+                        _emit_error,
+                        on_result,
+                        on_stdout,
+                        on_stderr,
+                    ):
+                        saw_idle = True
+                        break
+                break
+            except TimeoutError:
+                break
+            except (
+                httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect,
+                httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError,
+                httpx.ReadError,
+                httpx.RemoteProtocolError,
+            ) as exc:
+                self._close_ws()
+                if reconnect_attempts > 0 and not sent:
+                    reconnect_attempts -= 1
+                    continue
+                _emit_error(
+                    ExecutionError(
+                        name="Disconnected",
+                        value=f"kernel WebSocket closed: {exc}",
+                    )
+                )
+                execution.timed_out = True
+                break
+
+        if not saw_idle and execution.error is None:
+            execution.timed_out = True
+            _emit_error(
+                ExecutionError(
+                    name="Timeout",
+                    value=f"run_code exceeded {timeout}s",
+                )
+            )
+
+        return execution
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args) -> None:
+        self.close()
+        super().__exit__(*args)

src/wrenn/code_runner/models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+_MIME_MAP: dict[str, str] = {
+    "text/plain": "text",
+    "text/html": "html",
+    "text/markdown": "markdown",
+    "image/svg+xml": "svg",
+    "image/png": "png",
+    "image/jpeg": "jpeg",
+    "image/gif": "gif",
+    "application/pdf": "pdf",
+    "text/latex": "latex",
+    "application/json": "json",
+    "application/javascript": "javascript",
+    "application/vnd.plotly.v1+json": "plotly",
+}
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ExecutionError:
+    """Error raised during code execution.
+
+    Attributes:
+        name: Exception class name (e.g. ``"NameError"``).
+        value: Exception message.
+        traceback: Full traceback string.
+    """
+
+    name: str = ""
+    value: str = ""
+    traceback: str = ""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Logs:
+    """Captured stdout/stderr streams.
+
+    Each element in the list is one chunk of text as it arrived from
+    the kernel.
+    """
+
+    stdout: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    stderr: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Result:
+    """A single rich output from code execution.
+
+    Jupyter cells can produce multiple outputs — one ``execute_result``
+    (the expression value) and zero or more ``display_data`` messages
+    (from ``plt.show()``, ``display()``, etc.).  Each becomes a
+    ``Result``.
+
+    Known MIME types are unpacked into named attributes; anything else
+    lands in :pyattr:`extra`.
+    """
+
+    # --- MIME type fields ---
+    text: str | None = None
+    """``text/plain`` representation."""
+    html: str | None = None
+    """``text/html`` representation."""
+    markdown: str | None = None
+    """``text/markdown`` representation."""
+    svg: str | None = None
+    """``image/svg+xml`` representation."""
+    png: str | None = None
+    """``image/png`` — base64-encoded."""
+    jpeg: str | None = None
+    """``image/jpeg`` — base64-encoded."""
+    gif: str | None = None
+    """``image/gif`` — base64-encoded."""
+    pdf: str | None = None
+    """``application/pdf`` — base64-encoded."""
+    latex: str | None = None
+    """``text/latex`` representation."""
+    json: dict | None = None
+    """``application/json`` representation."""
+    javascript: str | None = None
+    """``application/javascript`` representation."""
+    plotly: dict | None = None
+    """``application/vnd.plotly.v1+json`` representation."""
+    extra: dict[str, str] | None = None
+    """MIME types not covered by the named fields above."""
+
+    is_main_result: bool = False
+    """``True`` when this came from an ``execute_result`` message
+    (i.e. the value of the last expression in the cell).  ``False``
+    for ``display_data`` outputs."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bundle(
+        cls, bundle: dict[str, str], *, is_main_result: bool = False
+    ) -> Result:
+        """Build a ``Result`` from a Jupyter MIME bundle dict."""
+        kwargs: dict = {"is_main_result": is_main_result}
+        extra: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for mime, value in bundle.items():
+            attr = _MIME_MAP.get(mime)
+            if attr is not None:
+                kwargs[attr] = value
+            else:
+                extra[mime] = value
+        if extra:
+            kwargs["extra"] = extra
+        return cls(**kwargs)
+
+    def formats(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return names of non-``None`` MIME-type fields."""
+        out: list[str] = [
+            attr for attr in _MIME_MAP.values() if getattr(self, attr) is not None
+        ]
+        if self.extra:
+            out.extend(self.extra)
+        return out
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Execution:
+    """Complete result of a ``run_code`` call.
+
+    Attributes:
+        results: All rich outputs produced by the cell — charts, tables,
+            images, expression values, etc.
+        logs: Captured stdout/stderr text.
+        error: Populated when the cell raised an exception.
+        execution_count: Jupyter execution counter (the ``[N]`` number).
+    """
+
+    results: list[Result] = field(default_factory=list)
+    logs: Logs = field(default_factory=Logs)
+    error: ExecutionError | None = None
+    execution_count: int | None = None
+    timed_out: bool = False
+    """``True`` when execution was cut short by the ``timeout`` parameter
+    (or by the kernel WebSocket dropping). Pairs with ``error`` of name
+    ``"Timeout"`` or ``"Disconnected"``."""
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str | None:
+        """Convenience — ``text/plain`` of the main ``execute_result``,
+        or ``None`` if the cell had no expression value."""
+        for r in self.results:
+            if r.is_main_result:
+                return r.text
+        return None

src/wrenn/commands.py

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ import httpx_ws
 
 from wrenn.exceptions import handle_response
 
+# Both signal a terminated WebSocket: ``WebSocketDisconnect`` is a clean close,
+# ``WebSocketNetworkError`` an abrupt one. The Wrenn server closes exec/process
+# streams abruptly, so iterators must treat either as end-of-stream.
+_WS_CLOSED = (httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect, httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError)
+
 
 @dataclass
 class CommandResult:
@@ -106,6 +111,54 @@ def _parse_stream_event(raw: dict) -> StreamEvent:
     return StreamEvent(type=t or "unknown")
 
 
+def _build_exec_payload(
+    cmd: str,
+    background: bool,
+    timeout: int | None,
+    envs: dict[str, str] | None,
+    cwd: str | None,
+    tag: str | None,
+) -> dict:
+    payload: dict = {
+        "cmd": "/bin/sh",
+        "args": ["-c", cmd],
+        "background": background,
+    }
+    if timeout is not None and not background:
+        payload["timeout_sec"] = timeout
+    if envs is not None:
+        payload["envs"] = envs
+    if cwd is not None:
+        payload["cwd"] = cwd
+    if tag is not None:
+        payload["tag"] = tag
+    return payload
+
+
+def _exec_http_timeout(background: bool, timeout: int | None) -> httpx.Timeout | None:
+    if not background and timeout is not None:
+        return httpx.Timeout(timeout + 10, connect=5.0)
+    return None
+
+
+def _decode_exec_run(
+    data: dict, capsule_id: str, background: bool
+) -> CommandResult | CommandHandle:
+    if background:
+        return CommandHandle(
+            pid=data.get("pid", 0),
+            tag=data.get("tag", ""),
+            capsule_id=capsule_id,
+        )
+    return _decode_exec_response(data)
+
+
+def _build_stream_start(cmd: str, args: builtins.list[str] | None) -> dict:
+    if args:
+        return {"type": "start", "cmd": cmd, "args": args}
+    return {"type": "start", "cmd": "/bin/sh", "args": ["-c", cmd]}
+
+
 def _decode_exec_response(data: dict) -> CommandResult:
     stdout = data.get("stdout") or ""
     stderr = data.get("stderr") or ""
@@ -184,39 +237,14 @@ class Commands:
             CommandHandle: PID and tag for background commands
             (``background=True``).
         """
-        payload: dict = {
-            "cmd": "/bin/sh",
-            "args": ["-c", cmd],
-            "background": background,
-        }
-        if timeout is not None and not background:
-            payload["timeout_sec"] = timeout
-        if envs is not None:
-            payload["envs"] = envs
-        if cwd is not None:
-            payload["cwd"] = cwd
-        if tag is not None:
-            payload["tag"] = tag
-
-        http_timeout: httpx.Timeout | None = None
-        if not background and timeout is not None:
-            http_timeout = httpx.Timeout(timeout + 10, connect=5.0)
-
         resp = self._http.post(
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/exec",
-            json=payload,
+            json=_build_exec_payload(cmd, background, timeout, envs, cwd, tag),
-            timeout=http_timeout,
+            timeout=_exec_http_timeout(background, timeout),
         )
         data = handle_response(resp)
         assert isinstance(data, dict)
-
+        return _decode_exec_run(data, self._capsule_id, background)
-        if background:
-            return CommandHandle(
-                pid=data.get("pid", 0),
-                tag=data.get("tag", ""),
-                capsule_id=self._capsule_id,
-            )
-        return _decode_exec_response(data)
 
     def list(self) -> list[ProcessInfo]:
         """List all running background processes in the capsule.
@@ -271,7 +299,7 @@ class Commands:
                     yield event
                     if event.type in ("exit", "error"):
                         break
-                except httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect:
+                except _WS_CLOSED:
                     break
 
     def stream(
@@ -294,11 +322,7 @@ class Commands:
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/exec/stream",
             self._http,
         ) as ws:  # type: httpx_ws.WebSocketSession
-            if args:
+            ws.send_text(json.dumps(_build_stream_start(cmd, args)))
-                start_msg: dict = {"type": "start", "cmd": cmd, "args": args}
-            else:
-                start_msg = {"type": "start", "cmd": "/bin/sh", "args": ["-c", cmd]}
-            ws.send_text(json.dumps(start_msg))
             while True:
                 try:
                     raw = ws.receive_json()
@@ -306,7 +330,7 @@ class Commands:
                     yield event
                     if event.type in ("exit", "error"):
                         break
-                except httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect:
+                except _WS_CLOSED:
                     break
 
 
@@ -373,39 +397,14 @@ class AsyncCommands:
             CommandHandle: PID and tag for background commands
             (``background=True``).
         """
-        payload: dict = {
-            "cmd": "/bin/sh",
-            "args": ["-c", cmd],
-            "background": background,
-        }
-        if timeout is not None and not background:
-            payload["timeout_sec"] = timeout
-        if envs is not None:
-            payload["envs"] = envs
-        if cwd is not None:
-            payload["cwd"] = cwd
-        if tag is not None:
-            payload["tag"] = tag
-
-        http_timeout: httpx.Timeout | None = None
-        if not background and timeout is not None:
-            http_timeout = httpx.Timeout(timeout + 10, connect=5.0)
-
         resp = await self._http.post(
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/exec",
-            json=payload,
+            json=_build_exec_payload(cmd, background, timeout, envs, cwd, tag),
-            timeout=http_timeout,
+            timeout=_exec_http_timeout(background, timeout),
         )
         data = handle_response(resp)
         assert isinstance(data, dict)
-
+        return _decode_exec_run(data, self._capsule_id, background)
-        if background:
-            return CommandHandle(
-                pid=data.get("pid", 0),
-                tag=data.get("tag", ""),
-                capsule_id=self._capsule_id,
-            )
-        return _decode_exec_response(data)
 
     async def list(self) -> list[ProcessInfo]:
         """List all running background processes in the capsule.
@@ -462,7 +461,7 @@ class AsyncCommands:
                     yield event
                     if event.type in ("exit", "error"):
                         break
-            except httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect:
+            except _WS_CLOSED:
                 pass
 
     async def stream(
@@ -485,11 +484,7 @@ class AsyncCommands:
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/exec/stream",
             self._http,
         ) as ws:  # type: httpx_ws.AsyncWebSocketSession
-            if args:
+            await ws.send_text(json.dumps(_build_stream_start(cmd, args)))
-                start_msg: dict = {"type": "start", "cmd": cmd, "args": args}
-            else:
-                start_msg = {"type": "start", "cmd": "/bin/sh", "args": ["-c", cmd]}
-            await ws.send_text(json.dumps(start_msg))
             try:
                 while True:
                     raw = await ws.receive_json()
@@ -497,5 +492,5 @@ class AsyncCommands:
                     yield event
                     if event.type in ("exit", "error"):
                         break
-            except httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect:
+            except _WS_CLOSED:
                 pass

src/wrenn/exceptions.py

@@ -150,6 +150,9 @@ def handle_response(resp: httpx.Response) -> dict | list:
     if resp.status_code == 204:
         return {}
 
+    if not resp.content:
+        return {}
+
     return resp.json()
 
 

src/wrenn/files.py

@@ -9,6 +9,76 @@ from wrenn.exceptions import WrennNotFoundError, _raise_for_status, handle_respo
 from wrenn.models import FileEntry, ListDirResponse, MakeDirResponse
 
 
+def _is_already_exists(resp: httpx.Response) -> bool:
+    """Detect server's already-exists reply across status codes / code strings.
+
+    Server may return 409 with code "conflict"/"already_exists" or wrap
+    "already_exists" inside an "internal" 500 message.
+    """
+    if resp.status_code < 400:
+        return False
+    try:
+        body = resp.json()
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+    err = body.get("error", {}) if isinstance(body, dict) else {}
+    code = err.get("code", "")
+    msg = err.get("message", "") or ""
+    return code in {"conflict", "already_exists"} or "already_exists" in msg
+
+
+def _find_entry(list_fn, path: str) -> FileEntry | None:
+    parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+    name = os.path.basename(path)
+    try:
+        for entry in list_fn(parent, depth=1):
+            if entry.name == name:
+                return entry
+    except WrennNotFoundError:
+        return None
+    return None
+
+
+async def _async_find_entry(list_fn, path: str) -> FileEntry | None:
+    parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+    name = os.path.basename(path)
+    try:
+        for entry in await list_fn(parent, depth=1):
+            if entry.name == name:
+                return entry
+    except WrennNotFoundError:
+        return None
+    return None
+
+
+_MULTIPART_FILE_HEADER = (
+    b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="upload.bin"\r\n'
+    b"Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n"
+)
+
+
+def _multipart_frame(path: str, boundary: bytes) -> tuple[bytes, bytes]:
+    """Return (preamble, trailer) bytes wrapping the file body chunks."""
+    preamble = (
+        b"--" + boundary + b"\r\n"
+        b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="path"\r\n\r\n'
+        + path.encode("utf-8")
+        + b"\r\n--"
+        + boundary
+        + b"\r\n"
+        + _MULTIPART_FILE_HEADER
+    )
+    trailer = b"\r\n--" + boundary + b"--\r\n"
+    return preamble, trailer
+
+
+def _multipart_headers(boundary: bytes) -> dict[str, str]:
+    return {
+        "Content-Type": f"multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary.decode('utf-8')}",
+        "Transfer-Encoding": "chunked",
+    }
+
+
 class Files:
     """Sync filesystem interface. Accessed via ``capsule.files``."""
 
@@ -118,17 +188,10 @@ class Files:
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/files/mkdir",
             json={"path": path},
         )
-        if resp.status_code == 409:
+        if _is_already_exists(resp):
-            try:
+            existing = _find_entry(self.list, path)
-                body = resp.json()
+            if existing is not None:
-                if body.get("error", {}).get("code") == "conflict":
+                return existing
-                    parent = os.path.dirname(path)
-                    name = os.path.basename(path)
-                    for entry in self.list(parent, depth=1):
-                        if entry.name == name:
-                            return entry
-            except Exception:
-                pass
         parsed = MakeDirResponse.model_validate(handle_response(resp))
         if parsed.entry is None:
             raise RuntimeError("mkdir response missing entry")
@@ -160,24 +223,18 @@ class Files:
             stream (Iterator[bytes]): Iterable of byte chunks to upload.
         """
         boundary = os.urandom(16).hex().encode("utf-8")
+        preamble, trailer = _multipart_frame(path, boundary)
 
         def _multipart() -> Iterator[bytes]:
-            yield b"--" + boundary + b"\r\n"
+            yield preamble
-            yield b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="path"\r\n\r\n'
-            yield path.encode("utf-8") + b"\r\n"
-            yield b"--" + boundary + b"\r\n"
-            yield b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="upload.bin"\r\n'
-            yield b"Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n"
             for chunk in stream:
                 yield chunk if isinstance(chunk, bytes) else chunk.encode("utf-8")
-            yield b"\r\n--" + boundary + b"--\r\n"
+            yield trailer
 
         resp = self._http.post(
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/files/stream/write",
             content=_multipart(),
-            headers={
+            headers=_multipart_headers(boundary),
-                "Content-Type": f"multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary.decode('utf-8')}"
-            },
         )
         _raise_for_status(resp)
 
@@ -315,17 +372,10 @@ class AsyncFiles:
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/files/mkdir",
             json={"path": path},
         )
-        if resp.status_code == 409:
+        if _is_already_exists(resp):
-            try:
+            existing = await _async_find_entry(self.list, path)
-                body = resp.json()
+            if existing is not None:
-                if body.get("error", {}).get("code") == "conflict":
+                return existing
-                    parent = os.path.dirname(path)
-                    name = os.path.basename(path)
-                    for entry in await self.list(parent, depth=1):
-                        if entry.name == name:
-                            return entry
-            except Exception:
-                pass
         parsed = MakeDirResponse.model_validate(handle_response(resp))
         if parsed.entry is None:
             raise RuntimeError("mkdir response missing entry")
@@ -358,24 +408,18 @@ class AsyncFiles:
                 upload.
         """
         boundary = os.urandom(16).hex().encode("utf-8")
+        preamble, trailer = _multipart_frame(path, boundary)
 
         async def _multipart() -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
-            yield b"--" + boundary + b"\r\n"
+            yield preamble
-            yield b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="path"\r\n\r\n'
-            yield path.encode("utf-8") + b"\r\n"
-            yield b"--" + boundary + b"\r\n"
-            yield b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="upload.bin"\r\n'
-            yield b"Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n"
             async for chunk in stream:
                 yield chunk if isinstance(chunk, bytes) else chunk.encode("utf-8")
-            yield b"\r\n--" + boundary + b"--\r\n"
+            yield trailer
 
         resp = await self._http.post(
             f"/v1/capsules/{self._capsule_id}/files/stream/write",
             content=_multipart(),
-            headers={
+            headers=_multipart_headers(boundary),
-                "Content-Type": f"multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary.decode('utf-8')}"
-            },
         )
         _raise_for_status(resp)
 

src/wrenn/models/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from wrenn.models._generated import (
     APIKeyResponse,
-    AuthResponse,
     Capsule,
     CreateAPIKeyRequest,
     CreateCapsuleRequest,
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ from wrenn.models._generated import (
 
 __all__ = [
     "APIKeyResponse",
-    "AuthResponse",
     "CreateAPIKeyRequest",
     "CreateHostRequest",
     "CreateHostResponse",

src/wrenn/models/_generated.py

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # generated by datamodel-codegen:
 #   filename:  openapi.yaml
-#   timestamp: 2026-05-04T20:57:00+00:00
+#   timestamp: 2026-05-19T08:54:50+00:00
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 from pydantic import AwareDatetime, BaseModel, EmailStr, Field
-from typing import Annotated
+from typing import Annotated, Any
 from datetime import date as date_aliased
 from enum import StrEnum
 
@@ -27,14 +27,20 @@ class SignupResponse(BaseModel):
     ] = None
 
 
-class AuthResponse(BaseModel):
+class SessionResponse(BaseModel):
-    token: Annotated[str | None, Field(description="JWT token (valid for 6 hours)")] = (
+    """
-        None
+    Returned by login, activate, and switch-team. The actual auth credential
-    )
+    is the wrenn_sid cookie set on the response. The body carries identity
+    data the SPA needs to bootstrap.
+
+    """
+
     user_id: str | None = None
     team_id: str | None = None
     email: str | None = None
     name: str | None = None
+    role: str | None = None
+    is_admin: bool | None = None
 
 
 class CreateAPIKeyRequest(BaseModel):
@@ -62,10 +68,17 @@ class CreateCapsuleRequest(BaseModel):
     template: str | None = "minimal"
     vcpus: int | None = 1
     memory_mb: int | None = 512
+    disk_size_mb: Annotated[
+        int | None,
+        Field(
+            description="Maximum size of the per-capsule copy-on-write disk in MB. Capped at 5 GB by default; the actual size is max(disk_size_mb, origin rootfs size).\n"
+        ),
+    ] = 5120
     timeout_sec: Annotated[
         int | None,
         Field(
-            description="Auto-pause TTL in seconds. The capsule is automatically paused after this duration of inactivity (no exec or ping). 0 means no auto-pause.\n"
+            description="Auto-pause TTL in seconds. The capsule is automatically paused after this duration of inactivity (no exec or ping). 0 means no auto-pause. Positive values below 60 are silently clamped to 60 (the agent's startup envelope).\n",
+            ge=0,
         ),
     ] = 0
 
@@ -133,7 +146,10 @@ class Status(StrEnum):
     pending = "pending"
     starting = "starting"
     running = "running"
+    pausing = "pausing"
     paused = "paused"
+    resuming = "resuming"
+    stopping = "stopping"
     hibernated = "hibernated"
     stopped = "stopped"
     missing = "missing"
@@ -153,6 +169,13 @@ class Capsule(BaseModel):
     started_at: AwareDatetime | None = None
     last_active_at: AwareDatetime | None = None
     last_updated: AwareDatetime | None = None
+    metadata: Annotated[
+        dict[str, str] | None,
+        Field(
+            description="Free-form key/value labels attached at create-time. Also carries\nagent-side version info (kernel_version, vmm_version,\nagent_version, envd_version) when running.\n"
+        ),
+    ] = None
+    disk_size_mb: int | None = None
 
 
 class CreateSnapshotRequest(BaseModel):
@@ -177,6 +200,13 @@ class Template(BaseModel):
     memory_mb: int | None = None
     size_bytes: int | None = None
     created_at: AwareDatetime | None = None
+    platform: Annotated[
+        bool | None,
+        Field(
+            description="True when the template is platform-managed (visible to all teams,\ne.g. the built-in `minimal` rootfs). False for team-owned\nsnapshot templates.\n"
+        ),
+    ] = None
+    metadata: dict[str, str] | None = None
 
 
 class ExecRequest(BaseModel):
@@ -399,7 +429,7 @@ class HostDeletePreview(BaseModel):
     host: Host | None = None
     sandbox_ids: Annotated[
         list[str] | None,
-        Field(description="IDs of capsulees that would be destroyed on force-delete."),
+        Field(description="IDs of capsules that would be destroyed on force-delete."),
     ] = None
 
 
@@ -407,8 +437,7 @@ class Error(BaseModel):
     code: Annotated[str | None, Field(examples=["host_has_sandboxes"])] = None
     message: str | None = None
     sandbox_ids: Annotated[
-        list[str] | None,
+        list[str] | None, Field(description="IDs of active capsules blocking deletion.")
-        Field(description="IDs of active capsulees blocking deletion."),
     ] = None
 
 
@@ -476,7 +505,9 @@ class MetricPoint(BaseModel):
     ] = None
     mem_bytes: Annotated[
         int | None,
-        Field(description="Resident memory in bytes (VmRSS of Firecracker process)"),
+        Field(
+            description="Resident memory in bytes (VmRSS of Cloud Hypervisor process)"
+        ),
     ] = None
     disk_bytes: Annotated[
         int | None, Field(description="Allocated disk bytes for the CoW sparse file")
@@ -494,12 +525,12 @@ class Provider(StrEnum):
 
 
 class Event(StrEnum):
-    capsule_created = "capsule.created"
+    capsule_create = "capsule.create"
-    capsule_running = "capsule.running"
+    capsule_pause = "capsule.pause"
-    capsule_paused = "capsule.paused"
+    capsule_resume = "capsule.resume"
-    capsule_destroyed = "capsule.destroyed"
+    capsule_destroy = "capsule.destroy"
-    template_snapshot_created = "template.snapshot.created"
+    template_snapshot_create = "template.snapshot.create"
-    template_snapshot_deleted = "template.snapshot.deleted"
+    template_snapshot_delete = "template.snapshot.delete"
     host_up = "host.up"
     host_down = "host.down"
 
@@ -591,6 +622,106 @@ class Error1(BaseModel):
     error: Error2 | None = None
 
 
+class ActorType(StrEnum):
+    user = "user"
+    api_key = "api_key"
+    host = "host"
+    system = "system"
+
+
+class Status2(StrEnum):
+    success = "success"
+    failure = "failure"
+
+
+class AuditLogEntry(BaseModel):
+    id: str | None = None
+    actor_type: ActorType | None = None
+    actor_id: str | None = None
+    actor_name: str | None = None
+    resource_type: str | None = None
+    resource_id: str | None = None
+    action: str | None = None
+    scope: str | None = None
+    status: Status2 | None = None
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    created_at: AwareDatetime | None = None
+
+
+class Event2(StrEnum):
+    connected = "connected"
+    capsule_create = "capsule.create"
+    capsule_pause = "capsule.pause"
+    capsule_resume = "capsule.resume"
+    capsule_destroy = "capsule.destroy"
+    capsule_state_changed = "capsule.state.changed"
+    template_snapshot_create = "template.snapshot.create"
+    template_snapshot_delete = "template.snapshot.delete"
+    host_up = "host.up"
+    host_down = "host.down"
+
+
+class Outcome(StrEnum):
+    """
+    Present for action events (capsule.* except state.changed,
+    template.snapshot.*). Absent for host.up/down, capsule.state.changed,
+    and the connected sentinel.
+
+    """
+
+    success = "success"
+    error = "error"
+
+
+class Resource(BaseModel):
+    id: str | None = None
+    type: str | None = None
+
+
+class Type4(StrEnum):
+    user = "user"
+    api_key = "api_key"
+    system = "system"
+
+
+class Actor(BaseModel):
+    type: Type4 | None = None
+    id: str | None = None
+    name: str | None = None
+
+
+class SSEEvent(BaseModel):
+    """
+    Wire format of one SSE message body. The event name (`event:` line) is
+    the `kind` and the JSON below is the `data:` line.
+
+    """
+
+    event: Event2 | None = None
+    outcome: Annotated[
+        Outcome | None,
+        Field(
+            description="Present for action events (capsule.* except state.changed,\ntemplate.snapshot.*). Absent for host.up/down, capsule.state.changed,\nand the connected sentinel.\n"
+        ),
+    ] = None
+    resource: Resource | None = None
+    actor: Actor | None = None
+    metadata: Annotated[
+        dict[str, str] | None,
+        Field(
+            description="Event-specific context. Examples: `reason` (ttl_expired,\nhost_failure, cleanup_after_create_error, orphaned),\n`host_ip`, `from`/`to` (for capsule.state.changed).\n"
+        ),
+    ] = None
+    error: Annotated[
+        str | None, Field(description="Failure reason; only set when outcome=error.")
+    ] = None
+    sandbox: Annotated[
+        Capsule | None,
+        Field(description="Populated for capsule.* events; null if DB lookup failed."),
+    ] = None
+    timestamp: AwareDatetime | None = None
+
+
 class ListDirResponse(BaseModel):
     entries: list[FileEntry] | None = None
 

src/wrenn/pty.py

@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ from typing import Any
 import httpx_ws
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
+# A clean (``WebSocketDisconnect``) or abrupt (``WebSocketNetworkError``) close
+# both mean the PTY stream has ended; iteration must stop on either.
+_WS_CLOSED = (httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect, httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError)
+
 
 class PtyEventType(StrEnum):
     started = "started"
@@ -49,7 +53,16 @@ def _parse_pty_event(raw: dict[str, Any]) -> PtyEvent:
         )
     if msg_type == "ping":
         return PtyEvent(type=PtyEventType.ping)
-    return PtyEvent(type=PtyEventType(msg_type) if msg_type else PtyEventType.ping)
+    if not msg_type:
+        return PtyEvent(type=PtyEventType.ping)
+    try:
+        return PtyEvent(type=PtyEventType(msg_type))
+    except ValueError:
+        return PtyEvent(
+            type=PtyEventType.error,
+            data=f"unknown msg_type: {msg_type!r}",
+            fatal=False,
+        )
 
 
 class PtySession:
@@ -109,6 +122,13 @@ class PtySession:
     def _send_connect(self, tag: str) -> None:
         self._ws.send_text(json.dumps({"type": "connect", "tag": tag}))
 
+    def _send_pong(self) -> None:
+        """Reply to a server keepalive ``ping`` so the session stays open."""
+        try:
+            self._ws.send_text(json.dumps({"type": "pong"}))
+        except _WS_CLOSED:
+            pass
+
     def write(self, data: bytes) -> None:
         """Send raw bytes to the PTY stdin.
 
@@ -144,7 +164,7 @@ class PtySession:
             raise StopIteration
         try:
             raw = self._ws.receive_text()
-        except httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect:
+        except _WS_CLOSED:
             raise StopIteration
         event = _parse_pty_event(json.loads(raw))
         if event.type == PtyEventType.started:
@@ -152,6 +172,8 @@ class PtySession:
                 self._tag = event.tag
             if event.pid is not None:
                 self._pid = event.pid
+        if event.type == PtyEventType.ping:
+            self._send_pong()
         if event.type == PtyEventType.exit:
             self._done = True
             return event
@@ -236,6 +258,13 @@ class AsyncPtySession:
     async def _send_connect(self, tag: str) -> None:
         await self._ws.send_text(json.dumps({"type": "connect", "tag": tag}))
 
+    async def _send_pong(self) -> None:
+        """Reply to a server keepalive ``ping`` so the session stays open."""
+        try:
+            await self._ws.send_text(json.dumps({"type": "pong"}))
+        except _WS_CLOSED:
+            pass
+
     async def write(self, data: bytes) -> None:
         """Send raw bytes to the PTY stdin.
 
@@ -273,7 +302,7 @@ class AsyncPtySession:
             raise StopAsyncIteration
         try:
             raw = await self._ws.receive_text()
-        except httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect:
+        except _WS_CLOSED:
             raise StopAsyncIteration
         event = _parse_pty_event(json.loads(raw))
         if event.type == PtyEventType.started:
@@ -281,6 +310,8 @@ class AsyncPtySession:
                 self._tag = event.tag
             if event.pid is not None:
                 self._pid = event.pid
+        if event.type == PtyEventType.ping:
+            await self._send_pong()
         if event.type == PtyEventType.exit:
             self._done = True
             return event

tests/test_capsule_features.py

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import httpx
+import pytest
 import respx
 
-from wrenn.capsule import Capsule, _build_proxy_url
+from wrenn.capsule import Capsule, _build_http_proxy_url, _build_proxy_url
-from wrenn.code_interpreter.models import Execution, ExecutionError, Logs, Result
+from wrenn.code_runner.models import Execution, ExecutionError, Logs, Result
 
 BASE = "https://app.wrenn.dev/api"
+API_KEY = "wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678"
 
 
 class TestBuildProxyUrl:
@@ -26,13 +29,44 @@ class TestBuildProxyUrl:
         assert url == "ws://5000-sb-2.192.168.1.1"
 
 
+class TestBuildHttpProxyUrl:
+    """``get_url`` returns an HTTP(S) URL; ``/api`` path on the base URL is
+    discarded — only the host is used to build the proxy subdomain."""
+
+    def test_https_production_strips_api_path(self):
+        url = _build_http_proxy_url("https://app.wrenn.dev/api", "cl-abc", 8080)
+        assert url == "https://8080-cl-abc.app.wrenn.dev"
+
+    def test_http_localhost_preserves_port(self):
+        url = _build_http_proxy_url("http://localhost:8080/api", "cl-abc", 3000)
+        assert url == "http://3000-cl-abc.localhost:8080"
+
+    def test_https_custom_port(self):
+        url = _build_http_proxy_url("https://api.example.com:9443", "sb-1", 80)
+        assert url == "https://80-sb-1.api.example.com:9443"
+
+    def test_proxy_domain_override_http(self):
+        url = _build_http_proxy_url(
+            "https://app.wrenn.dev/api", "cl-abc", 8080, "wrenn.dev"
+        )
+        assert url == "https://8080-cl-abc.wrenn.dev"
+
+    def test_proxy_domain_override_ws(self):
+        url = _build_proxy_url("https://app.wrenn.dev/api", "cl-abc", 8888, "wrenn.dev")
+        assert url == "wss://8888-cl-abc.wrenn.dev"
+
+
 class TestCapsuleCreate:
     @respx.mock
     def test_capsule_constructor_creates(self):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-            201, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "pending", "template": "minimal"}
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting", "template": "minimal"}
+        )
+        cap = Capsule(
+            template="minimal",
+            api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678",
+            base_url=BASE,
         )
-        cap = Capsule(template="minimal", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
         assert cap.capsule_id == "cl-1"
         assert hasattr(cap, "commands")
         assert hasattr(cap, "files")
@@ -40,7 +74,7 @@ class TestCapsuleCreate:
     @respx.mock
     def test_capsule_create_classmethod(self):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-            201, json={"id": "cl-2", "status": "pending"}
+            202, json={"id": "cl-2", "status": "starting"}
         )
         cap = Capsule.create(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
         assert cap.capsule_id == "cl-2"
@@ -48,9 +82,9 @@ class TestCapsuleCreate:
     @respx.mock
     def test_capsule_context_manager_kills(self):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-            201, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "pending"}
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
         )
-        kill_route = respx.delete(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1").respond(204)
+        kill_route = respx.delete(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1").respond(202)
         with Capsule(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE) as cap:
             assert cap.capsule_id == "cl-1"
         assert kill_route.called
@@ -59,7 +93,7 @@ class TestCapsuleCreate:
     def test_capsule_env_var(self, monkeypatch):
         monkeypatch.setenv("WRENN_API_KEY", "wrn_from_env_key")
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-            201, json={"id": "cl-3", "status": "pending"}
+            202, json={"id": "cl-3", "status": "starting"}
         )
         cap = Capsule(base_url=BASE)
         assert cap.capsule_id == "cl-3"
@@ -68,17 +102,21 @@ class TestCapsuleCreate:
 class TestCapsuleStaticMethods:
     @respx.mock
     def test_static_destroy(self):
-        route = respx.delete(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1").respond(204)
+        route = respx.delete(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1").respond(202)
-        Capsule._static_destroy("cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
+        Capsule._static_destroy(
+            "cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE
+        )
         assert route.called
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_static_pause(self):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1/pause").respond(
-            200, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "paused"}
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "pausing"}
         )
-        info = Capsule._static_pause("cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
+        info = Capsule._static_pause(
-        assert info.status.value == "paused"
+            "cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE
+        )
+        assert info.status.value == "pausing"
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_static_list(self):
@@ -106,18 +144,24 @@ class TestCapsuleConnect:
         respx.get(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1").respond(
             200, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "running"}
         )
-        cap = Capsule.connect("cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
+        cap = Capsule.connect(
+            "cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE
+        )
         assert cap.capsule_id == "cl-1"
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_connect_paused_resumes(self):
-        respx.get(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1").respond(
+        get_route = respx.get(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1")
-            200, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "paused"}
+        get_route.side_effect = [
-        )
+            httpx.Response(200, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "paused"}),
+            httpx.Response(200, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "running"}),
+        ]
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1/resume").respond(
-            200, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "running"}
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "resuming"}
+        )
+        cap = Capsule.connect(
+            "cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE
         )
-        cap = Capsule.connect("cl-1", api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
         assert cap.capsule_id == "cl-1"
 
 
@@ -137,10 +181,11 @@ class TestExecutionModels:
         assert r.png == "base64data"
         assert r.is_main_result is True
 
-    def test_result_from_bundle_strips_quotes(self):
+    def test_result_from_bundle_preserves_text_plain(self):
+        # ``text/plain`` is the Jupyter repr — preserved verbatim now.
         bundle = {"text/plain": "'hello'"}
         r = Result.from_bundle(bundle)
-        assert r.text == "hello"
+        assert r.text == "'hello'"
 
     def test_result_from_bundle_extra_mimes(self):
         bundle = {"text/plain": "x", "application/vnd.custom": "data"}
@@ -178,6 +223,189 @@ class TestExecutionModels:
         assert "".join(logs.stderr) == "warn\n"
 
 
+class TestGetUrlPublic:
+    """``Capsule.get_url`` returns the HTTP proxy URL."""
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_sync_get_url_default_base(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-99", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        cap = Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        assert cap.get_url(8080) == "https://8080-cl-99.wrenn.dev"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_sync_get_url_localhost(self):
+        local_base = "http://localhost:8080/api"
+        respx.post(f"{local_base}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-42", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        cap = Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=local_base)
+        assert cap.get_url(3000) == "http://3000-cl-42.localhost:8080"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_get_url(self):
+        from wrenn.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule
+
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-async", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        cap = await AsyncCapsule.create(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        assert cap.get_url(5000) == "https://5000-cl-async.wrenn.dev"
+        await cap._client.aclose()
+
+
+class TestPtyConnect:
+    """``pty_connect`` reconnects to an existing PTY session by tag."""
+
+    def _capsule(self):
+        with respx.mock:
+            respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+                202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
+            )
+            return Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+
+    def test_sync_pty_connect_sends_connect_frame(self):
+        from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+        cap = self._capsule()
+        ws = MagicMock()
+        ctx = MagicMock()
+        ctx.__enter__.return_value = ws
+        ctx.__exit__.return_value = False
+
+        with patch("wrenn.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws", return_value=ctx):
+            with cap.pty_connect("tag-xyz") as session:
+                assert session is not None
+        # First send_text call must be a ``connect`` frame with the tag.
+        import json as _json
+
+        sent = ws.send_text.call_args_list[0].args[0]
+        payload = _json.loads(sent)
+        assert payload == {"type": "connect", "tag": "tag-xyz"}
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_pty_connect_sends_connect_frame(self):
+        from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+        from wrenn.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule
+
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        cap = await AsyncCapsule.create(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        ws = MagicMock()
+        ws.send_text = AsyncMock()
+        ctx = MagicMock()
+        ctx.__aenter__ = AsyncMock(return_value=ws)
+        ctx.__aexit__ = AsyncMock(return_value=False)
+
+        with patch("wrenn.async_capsule.httpx_ws.aconnect_ws", return_value=ctx):
+            async with cap.pty_connect("tag-async") as session:
+                assert session is not None
+        import json as _json
+
+        sent = ws.send_text.call_args_list[0].args[0]
+        payload = _json.loads(sent)
+        assert payload == {"type": "connect", "tag": "tag-async"}
+        await cap._client.aclose()
+
+
+class TestCreateSnapshot:
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_sync_create_snapshot_posts_capsule_id(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        snap_route = respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/snapshots").respond(
+            201,
+            json={"name": "my-snap"},
+        )
+        cap = Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        tpl = cap.create_snapshot(name="my-snap", overwrite=True)
+        import json as _json
+
+        req = snap_route.calls[0].request
+        body = _json.loads(req.content)
+        assert body["sandbox_id"] == "cl-1"
+        assert body["name"] == "my-snap"
+        assert req.url.params["overwrite"] == "true"
+        assert tpl.name == "my-snap"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_create_snapshot(self):
+        from wrenn.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule
+
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/snapshots").respond(
+            201,
+            json={"name": "auto-named"},
+        )
+        cap = await AsyncCapsule.create(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        tpl = await cap.create_snapshot()
+        assert tpl.name == "auto-named"
+        await cap._client.aclose()
+
+
+class TestUploadStreamChunked:
+    """``upload_stream`` must declare ``Transfer-Encoding: chunked`` and
+    deliver the multipart body without buffering."""
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_sync_upload_stream_chunked(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        route = respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1/files/stream/write").respond(
+            200, json={}
+        )
+        cap = Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+
+        def chunks():
+            yield b"hello "
+            yield b"world\n"
+
+        cap.files.upload_stream("/tmp/out.txt", chunks())
+        req = route.calls[0].request
+        assert req.headers["transfer-encoding"] == "chunked"
+        ct = req.headers["content-type"]
+        assert ct.startswith("multipart/form-data; boundary=")
+        body = bytes(req.content)
+        assert b'name="path"' in body
+        assert b"/tmp/out.txt" in body
+        assert b'name="file"' in body
+        assert b"hello world\n" in body
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_upload_stream_chunked(self):
+        from wrenn.async_capsule import AsyncCapsule
+
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "cl-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        route = respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/cl-1/files/stream/write").respond(
+            200, json={}
+        )
+        cap = await AsyncCapsule.create(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+
+        async def chunks():
+            yield b"abc"
+            yield b"def"
+
+        await cap.files.upload_stream("/tmp/out.bin", chunks())
+        req = route.calls[0].request
+        assert req.headers["transfer-encoding"] == "chunked"
+        body = bytes(req.content)
+        assert b"abcdef" in body
+        await cap._client.aclose()
+
+
 class TestDeprecationWarnings:
     def test_import_sandbox_from_wrenn_warns(self):
         import sys

tests/test_client.py

@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ class TestCapsules:
     @respx.mock
     def test_create(self, client):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-            201,
+            202,
             json={
                 "id": "sb-1",
-                "status": "pending",
+                "status": "starting",
                 "template": "base-python",
                 "vcpus": 2,
                 "memory_mb": 1024,
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ class TestCapsules:
         resp = client.capsules.create(template="base-python", vcpus=2, memory_mb=1024)
         assert isinstance(resp, Capsule)
         assert resp.id == "sb-1"
-        assert resp.status == Status.pending
+        assert resp.status == Status.starting
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_create_defaults(self, client):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-            201, json={"id": "sb-2", "status": "pending"}
+            202, json={"id": "sb-2", "status": "starting"}
         )
         resp = client.capsules.create()
         assert resp.id == "sb-2"
@@ -77,25 +77,25 @@ class TestCapsules:
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_destroy(self, client):
-        route = respx.delete(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/sb-1").respond(204)
+        route = respx.delete(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/sb-1").respond(202)
         client.capsules.destroy("sb-1")
         assert route.called
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_pause(self, client):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/sb-1/pause").respond(
-            200, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "paused"}
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "pausing"}
         )
         resp = client.capsules.pause("sb-1")
-        assert resp.status == Status.paused
+        assert resp.status == Status.pausing
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_resume(self, client):
         respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/sb-1/resume").respond(
-            200, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "running"}
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "resuming"}
         )
         resp = client.capsules.resume("sb-1")
-        assert resp.status == Status.running
+        assert resp.status == Status.resuming
 
     @respx.mock
     def test_ping(self, client):
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class TestAsyncClient:
     async def test_async_capsules_create(self, async_client):
         async with async_client:
             respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
-                201, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "pending"}
+                202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
             )
             resp = await async_client.capsules.create(template="base-python")
             assert resp.id == "sb-1"
@@ -261,3 +261,39 @@ class TestAsyncClient:
             )
             with pytest.raises(WrennNotFoundError):
                 await async_client.capsules.get("nope")
+
+
+class TestClientResolution:
+    def test_default_base_url_strips_app_subdomain(self):
+        with WrennClient(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678") as c:
+            assert c._proxy_domain == "wrenn.dev"
+
+    def test_custom_base_url_preserves_host(self):
+        with WrennClient(
+            api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678",
+            base_url="http://localhost:8080/api",
+        ) as c:
+            assert c._proxy_domain == "localhost:8080"
+
+    def test_explicit_proxy_domain_wins(self):
+        with WrennClient(
+            api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678",
+            base_url="https://app.wrenn.dev/api",
+            proxy_domain="custom.example.com",
+        ) as c:
+            assert c._proxy_domain == "custom.example.com"
+
+    def test_env_proxy_domain(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setenv("WRENN_PROXY_DOMAIN", "env.example.com")
+        with WrennClient(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678") as c:
+            assert c._proxy_domain == "env.example.com"
+
+    def test_default_timeout(self):
+        with WrennClient(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678") as c:
+            t = c._http.timeout
+            assert t.connect == 10.0
+            assert t.read == 30.0
+
+    def test_timeout_float_override(self):
+        with WrennClient(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", timeout=5.0) as c:
+            assert c._http.timeout.connect == 5.0

tests/test_code_runner_e2e.py

@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import os
+import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from wrenn.code_runner import (
+    AsyncCapsule,
+    Capsule,
+    Execution,
+    Result,
+)
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.integration
+
+_env_loaded = False
+
+
+def _ensure_env() -> None:
+    global _env_loaded
+    if _env_loaded:
+        return
+    _env_loaded = True
+    env_file = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / ".env"
+    if not env_file.exists():
+        return
+    for line in env_file.read_text().splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line or line.startswith("#") or "=" not in line:
+            continue
+        key, _, value = line.partition("=")
+        key, value = key.strip(), value.strip().strip("\"'")
+        if key and key not in os.environ:
+            os.environ[key] = value
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── Sync e2e ─────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestCodeRunnerSync:
+    """Shared capsule — kernel state persists across tests."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_uses_code_runner_beta_template(self):
+        assert self.capsule.info is not None
+        assert self.capsule.info.template == "code-runner-beta"
+
+    def test_default_kernel_name_is_wrenn(self):
+        assert self.capsule._kernel_name == "wrenn"
+
+    def test_simple_expression(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("1 + 1")
+        assert isinstance(ex, Execution)
+        assert ex.error is None
+        assert ex.text == "2"
+        assert ex.execution_count is not None
+        assert ex.execution_count >= 1
+
+    def test_print_captures_stdout(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("print('hello world')")
+        assert ex.error is None
+        joined = "".join(ex.logs.stdout)
+        assert "hello world" in joined
+
+    def test_stderr_captured(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("import sys; sys.stderr.write('an error\\n')")
+        assert ex.error is None
+        joined = "".join(ex.logs.stderr)
+        assert "an error" in joined
+
+    def test_kernel_state_persists_across_calls(self):
+        self.capsule.run_code("persistent_value = 12345")
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("persistent_value")
+        assert ex.text == "12345"
+
+    def test_import_persists(self):
+        self.capsule.run_code("import math")
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("round(math.pi, 4)")
+        assert ex.text == "3.1416"
+
+    def test_function_definition_persists(self):
+        self.capsule.run_code(
+            "def fib(n):\n"
+            "    a, b = 0, 1\n"
+            "    for _ in range(n):\n"
+            "        a, b = b, a + b\n"
+            "    return a\n"
+        )
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("fib(10)")
+        assert ex.text == "55"
+
+    def test_class_definition_persists(self):
+        self.capsule.run_code(
+            "class Counter:\n"
+            "    def __init__(self): self.n = 0\n"
+            "    def inc(self): self.n += 1; return self.n\n"
+            "c = Counter()\n"
+        )
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("c.inc(); c.inc(); c.inc(); c.n")
+        assert ex.text == "3"
+
+    def test_exception_captured(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("raise ValueError('boom')")
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "ValueError"
+        assert "boom" in ex.error.value
+        assert "ValueError" in ex.error.traceback
+
+    def test_name_error(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("undefined_symbol_xyz")
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "NameError"
+
+    def test_syntax_error(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("def )(\n")
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert "SyntaxError" in ex.error.name
+
+    def test_callbacks_fire(self):
+        stdout_chunks: list[str] = []
+        stderr_chunks: list[str] = []
+        results: list[Result] = []
+        errors = []
+        self.capsule.run_code(
+            "import sys\nprint('on stdout')\nsys.stderr.write('on stderr\\n')\n42\n",
+            on_stdout=stdout_chunks.append,
+            on_stderr=stderr_chunks.append,
+            on_result=results.append,
+            on_error=errors.append,
+        )
+        assert any("on stdout" in c for c in stdout_chunks)
+        assert any("on stderr" in c for c in stderr_chunks)
+        assert any(r.text == "42" for r in results)
+        assert errors == []
+
+    def test_multi_line_output(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("for i in range(3):\n    print(i)\n")
+        joined = "".join(ex.logs.stdout)
+        assert "0" in joined and "1" in joined and "2" in joined
+
+    def test_no_main_result_when_statement_only(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("x = 5")
+        assert ex.text is None
+        assert ex.error is None
+
+    def test_html_repr_result(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code(
+            "from IPython.display import HTML\nHTML('<b>bold</b>')"
+        )
+        assert ex.error is None
+        main = [r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result]
+        assert main, "expected execute_result"
+        assert main[0].html is not None
+        assert "<b>bold</b>" in main[0].html
+
+    def test_display_data_separate_from_execute_result(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code(
+            "from IPython.display import display, HTML\n"
+            "display(HTML('<i>shown</i>'))\n"
+            "'final'\n"
+        )
+        assert ex.error is None
+        mains = [r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result]
+        displays = [r for r in ex.results if not r.is_main_result]
+        assert len(mains) == 1
+        assert mains[0].text == "'final'"
+        assert len(displays) >= 1
+        assert any(r.html and "shown" in r.html for r in displays)
+
+    def test_matplotlib_png(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code(
+            "%matplotlib inline\n"
+            "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n"
+            "plt.figure()\n"
+            "plt.plot([1,2,3],[4,1,5])\n"
+            "plt.show()\n"
+        )
+        if ex.error is not None and ex.error.name == "ModuleNotFoundError":
+            pytest.skip("matplotlib not in template")
+        assert ex.error is None
+        pngs = [r for r in ex.results if r.png is not None]
+        assert pngs, "expected at least one PNG result from plt.show()"
+
+    def test_pandas_repr(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code(
+            "import pandas as pd\npd.DataFrame({'a':[1,2],'b':[3,4]})\n"
+        )
+        if ex.error is not None and ex.error.name == "ModuleNotFoundError":
+            pytest.skip("pandas not in template")
+        assert ex.error is None
+        main = [r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result]
+        assert main
+        assert main[0].html is not None or main[0].text is not None
+
+    def test_filesystem_round_trip(self):
+        self.capsule.run_code(
+            "with open('/tmp/from_kernel.txt','w') as f: f.write('written-by-kernel')"
+        )
+        content = self.capsule.files.read("/tmp/from_kernel.txt")
+        assert content == "written-by-kernel"
+
+    def test_text_preserves_string_repr(self):
+        """Strings keep their surrounding quotes — the ``text/plain`` MIME
+        is the Jupyter repr, which is what disambiguates ``'2'`` from
+        ``2``."""
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("'hello'")
+        assert ex.text == "'hello'"
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code('"with\\"inside"')
+        assert ex.text is not None
+        assert ex.text.startswith("'") or ex.text.startswith('"')
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("42")
+        assert ex.text == "42"
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("[1, 2, 3]")
+        assert ex.text == "[1, 2, 3]"
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code("{'k': 'v'}")
+        assert ex.text == "{'k': 'v'}"
+
+    def test_kernel_id_cached(self):
+        first = self.capsule._kernel_id
+        self.capsule.run_code("1")
+        assert self.capsule._kernel_id == first
+
+    def test_complex_workflow(self):
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code(
+            "import json\n"
+            "data = [{'n': i, 'sq': i*i} for i in range(5)]\n"
+            "print(json.dumps(data))\n"
+            "sum(d['sq'] for d in data)\n"
+        )
+        assert ex.error is None
+        assert ex.text == "30"
+        assert any('"sq": 16' in c for c in ex.logs.stdout)
+
+
+class TestCodeRunnerMimeTypes:
+    """Cover every non-text MIME field on ``Result`` using the libs
+    baked into the ``code-runner-beta`` template
+    (numpy, pandas, matplotlib, seaborn, requests)."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _run(self, code: str) -> Execution:
+        ex = self.capsule.run_code(code, timeout=60)
+        assert ex.error is None, f"unexpected error: {ex.error}"
+        return ex
+
+    # ── html ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_html_via_ipython_display(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "from IPython.display import HTML\nHTML('<table><tr><td>x</td></tr></table>')"
+        )
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        assert main.html is not None
+        assert "<table>" in main.html
+        assert "html" in main.formats()
+
+    def test_html_via_pandas_dataframe(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "import pandas as pd\n"
+            "pd.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': ['x', 'y', 'z']})\n"
+        )
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        assert main.html is not None
+        # pandas emits a styled <table>
+        assert "<table" in main.html
+        assert "dataframe" in main.html.lower() or "<tr" in main.html
+        # text/plain still present alongside html
+        assert main.text is not None
+
+    # ── markdown ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_markdown(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "from IPython.display import Markdown\nMarkdown('# heading\\n* a\\n* b')"
+        )
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        assert main.markdown is not None
+        assert "# heading" in main.markdown
+        assert "markdown" in main.formats()
+
+    # ── json ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_json_bundle(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "from IPython.display import JSON\nJSON({'a': 1, 'nested': {'b': [1, 2]}})"
+        )
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        # IPython.display.JSON emits application/json
+        assert main.json is not None
+        assert main.json == {"a": 1, "nested": {"b": [1, 2]}}
+        assert "json" in main.formats()
+
+    # ── latex ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_latex(self):
+        ex = self._run("from IPython.display import Latex\nLatex(r'$E = mc^2$')")
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        assert main.latex is not None
+        assert "mc^2" in main.latex
+
+    # ── svg ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_svg(self):
+        svg_payload = (
+            '<svg xmlns=\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\" width=\\"10\\" height=\\"10\\">'
+            '<rect width=\\"10\\" height=\\"10\\" fill=\\"red\\"/></svg>'
+        )
+        ex = self._run(f"from IPython.display import SVG\nSVG(data='{svg_payload}')")
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        assert main.svg is not None
+        assert "<svg" in main.svg
+        assert "<rect" in main.svg
+
+    # ── javascript ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_javascript(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "from IPython.display import Javascript\nJavascript('console.log(\"hi\")')"
+        )
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        # Some IPython versions only emit text/plain for Javascript;
+        # accept either javascript or extra/application/javascript.
+        js = main.javascript or (main.extra or {}).get("application/javascript")
+        assert js is not None, f"no js payload, got formats: {main.formats()}"
+        assert "console.log" in js
+
+    # ── png (matplotlib) ──────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_png_from_matplotlib(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "%matplotlib inline\n"
+            "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n"
+            "import numpy as np\n"
+            "x = np.linspace(0, 6.28, 100)\n"
+            "plt.figure()\n"
+            "plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))\n"
+            "plt.title('sine')\n"
+            "plt.show()\n"
+        )
+        pngs = [r for r in ex.results if r.png is not None]
+        assert pngs, "expected PNG from plt.show()"
+        # Base64 PNG starts with iVBORw0KGgo (== PNG magic in base64)
+        assert pngs[0].png.startswith("iVBORw0KGgo")
+        assert "png" in pngs[0].formats()
+
+    def test_png_from_seaborn(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "%matplotlib inline\n"
+            "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n"
+            "import seaborn as sns\n"
+            "import pandas as pd\n"
+            "df = pd.DataFrame({'x': [1, 2, 3, 4], 'y': [10, 20, 15, 25]})\n"
+            "plt.figure()\n"
+            "sns.barplot(data=df, x='x', y='y')\n"
+            "plt.show()\n"
+        )
+        pngs = [r for r in ex.results if r.png is not None]
+        assert pngs, "expected PNG from seaborn plot"
+        assert pngs[0].png.startswith("iVBORw0KGgo")
+
+    # ── jpeg ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_jpeg_via_matplotlib(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "%matplotlib inline\n"
+            "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n"
+            "import matplotlib_inline.backend_inline as bi\n"
+            "bi.set_matplotlib_formats('jpeg')\n"
+            "plt.figure()\n"
+            "plt.plot([1, 2, 3])\n"
+            "plt.show()\n"
+            "bi.set_matplotlib_formats('png')\n"
+        )
+        jpegs = [r for r in ex.results if r.jpeg is not None]
+        if not jpegs:
+            pytest.skip("matplotlib_inline jpeg backend unavailable")
+        # JPEG magic in base64 starts with /9j/
+        assert jpegs[0].jpeg.startswith("/9j/")
+
+    # ── multi-format bundle ───────────────────────────────────────
+    def test_pandas_emits_text_and_html(self):
+        ex = self._run("import pandas as pd\npd.DataFrame({'n': range(3)})")
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        fmts = main.formats()
+        assert "text" in fmts
+        assert "html" in fmts
+        assert main.is_main_result is True
+
+    def test_matplotlib_figure_emits_png_and_text(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "%matplotlib inline\n"
+            "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n"
+            "fig, ax = plt.subplots()\n"
+            "ax.plot([1, 2, 3])\n"
+            "fig\n"  # return the figure as the last expression
+        )
+        main = next(r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result)
+        fmts = main.formats()
+        # Figure repr bundles both text and png.
+        assert "png" in fmts
+        assert "text" in fmts
+
+    # ── numpy / requests round-trips through .text ────────────────
+    def test_numpy_array_text_repr(self):
+        ex = self._run("import numpy as np\nnp.arange(5)")
+        assert ex.text is not None
+        assert "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])" in ex.text
+
+    def test_requests_status_code(self):
+        ex = self._run(
+            "import requests\n"
+            "r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/204', timeout=10)\n"
+            "r.status_code\n"
+        )
+        if ex.error is not None:
+            pytest.skip(f"network unavailable: {ex.error.name}")
+        assert ex.text == "204"
+
+
+class TestCodeRunnerIsolation:
+    """Each test gets its own capsule — verifies fresh-kernel boot."""
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        _ensure_env()
+
+    def test_fresh_capsule_no_state_leak(self):
+        c1 = Capsule(wait=True)
+        try:
+            c1.run_code("leaked = 'c1'")
+            c2 = Capsule(wait=True)
+            try:
+                ex = c2.run_code("leaked")
+                assert ex.error is not None
+                assert ex.error.name == "NameError"
+            finally:
+                c2.destroy()
+        finally:
+            c1.destroy()
+
+    def test_context_manager(self):
+        with Capsule(wait=True) as c:
+            ex = c.run_code("'ctx'")
+            assert ex.text == "'ctx'"
+
+    def test_deprecated_code_interpreter_import_still_works(self):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", FutureWarning)
+            from wrenn.code_interpreter import Capsule as LegacyCapsule
+        with LegacyCapsule(wait=True) as c:
+            ex = c.run_code("'legacy'")
+            assert ex.text == "'legacy'"
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── Async e2e ─────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestCodeRunnerAsync:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        _ensure_env()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_simple(self):
+        async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as c:
+            ex = await c.run_code("21 * 2")
+            assert ex.error is None
+            assert ex.text == "42"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_persistence(self):
+        async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as c:
+            await c.run_code("v = 'persisted'")
+            ex = await c.run_code("v")
+            assert ex.text == "'persisted'"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_callbacks(self):
+        async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as c:
+            chunks: list[str] = []
+            await c.run_code(
+                "print('async out')",
+                on_stdout=chunks.append,
+            )
+            assert any("async out" in s for s in chunks)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_context_manager(self):
+        async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as c:
+            ex = await c.run_code("'in-ctx'")
+            assert ex.text == "'in-ctx'"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_concurrent_capsules(self):
+        async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as c1:
+            async with await AsyncCapsule.create(wait=True) as c2:
+                r1, r2 = await asyncio.gather(
+                    c1.run_code("1 + 1"),
+                    c2.run_code("10 * 10"),
+                )
+                assert r1.text == "2"
+                assert r2.text == "100"

tests/test_code_runner_unit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,887 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib
+import json
+import sys
+import warnings
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+import respx
+
+from wrenn.code_runner import (
+    AsyncCapsule,
+    Capsule,
+    Execution,
+    Logs,
+    Result,
+)
+from wrenn.code_runner.capsule import DEFAULT_KERNEL, DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
+
+BASE = "https://app.wrenn.dev/api"
+API_KEY = "wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678"
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── Result / Execution models ─────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestResultFromBundle:
+    def test_unpacks_known_mime_types(self):
+        r = Result.from_bundle(
+            {
+                "text/plain": "42",
+                "text/html": "<b>42</b>",
+                "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgo=",
+                "application/json": {"x": 1},
+            },
+            is_main_result=True,
+        )
+        assert r.text == "42"
+        assert r.html == "<b>42</b>"
+        assert r.png == "iVBORw0KGgo="
+        assert r.json == {"x": 1}
+        assert r.is_main_result is True
+        assert r.extra is None
+
+    def test_unknown_mime_lands_in_extra(self):
+        r = Result.from_bundle({"application/vnd.custom+json": "{}"})
+        assert r.extra == {"application/vnd.custom+json": "{}"}
+        assert r.is_main_result is False
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "raw",
+        [
+            "'hello'",
+            '"hello"',
+            "hello",
+            "'x",
+            "''",
+            "'",
+            "'it\\'s'",
+            "{'a': 1}",
+            "[1, 2, 3]",
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_text_plain_preserved_verbatim(self, raw):
+        """``text/plain`` is the Jupyter repr — pass through unchanged.
+        Stripping outer quotes would lose string identity (a string
+        ``'2'`` would become indistinguishable from the int ``2``)."""
+        r = Result.from_bundle({"text/plain": raw})
+        assert r.text == raw
+
+    def test_formats_lists_present_fields(self):
+        r = Result.from_bundle({"text/plain": "x", "image/svg+xml": "<svg/>"})
+        fmts = r.formats()
+        assert "text" in fmts
+        assert "svg" in fmts
+        assert "html" not in fmts
+
+    def test_formats_includes_extra(self):
+        r = Result.from_bundle({"application/x-foo": "bar"})
+        assert "application/x-foo" in r.formats()
+
+    def test_all_mime_types_map(self):
+        r = Result.from_bundle(
+            {
+                "text/plain": "a",
+                "text/html": "b",
+                "text/markdown": "c",
+                "image/svg+xml": "d",
+                "image/png": "e",
+                "image/jpeg": "f",
+                "application/pdf": "g",
+                "text/latex": "h",
+                "application/json": {"k": 1},
+                "application/javascript": "j",
+            }
+        )
+        for attr in (
+            "text",
+            "html",
+            "markdown",
+            "svg",
+            "png",
+            "jpeg",
+            "pdf",
+            "latex",
+            "json",
+            "javascript",
+        ):
+            assert getattr(r, attr) is not None
+
+
+class TestExecution:
+    def test_text_returns_main_result(self):
+        ex = Execution(
+            results=[
+                Result(text="display", is_main_result=False),
+                Result(text="main", is_main_result=True),
+            ]
+        )
+        assert ex.text == "main"
+
+    def test_text_none_when_no_main(self):
+        ex = Execution(results=[Result(text="x", is_main_result=False)])
+        assert ex.text is None
+
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        ex = Execution()
+        assert ex.results == []
+        assert isinstance(ex.logs, Logs)
+        assert ex.error is None
+        assert ex.execution_count is None
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── deprecation alias ─────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestDeprecationAlias:
+    def test_code_interpreter_emits_warning_on_import(self):
+        # Force a fresh import to observe the warning.
+        sys.modules.pop("wrenn.code_interpreter", None)
+        # Reset the one-shot flag in case the module was previously imported.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as captured:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+            ci = importlib.import_module("wrenn.code_interpreter")
+            ci.warnings_emitted = False  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            # Re-import to trigger again
+            sys.modules.pop("wrenn.code_interpreter", None)
+            importlib.import_module("wrenn.code_interpreter")
+            msgs = [
+                str(w.message)
+                for w in captured
+                if issubclass(w.category, FutureWarning)
+            ]
+        assert any("code_interpreter" in m and "code_runner" in m for m in msgs)
+
+    def test_alias_re_exports_same_classes(self):
+        from wrenn import code_interpreter as ci
+
+        assert ci.Capsule is Capsule
+        assert ci.AsyncCapsule is AsyncCapsule
+        assert ci.Execution is Execution
+        assert ci.Result is Result
+
+    def test_sandbox_attr_deprecated(self):
+        from wrenn import code_runner as cr
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as captured:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+            S = cr.Sandbox
+        assert S is cr.Capsule
+        assert any(
+            issubclass(w.category, FutureWarning) and "Sandbox" in str(w.message)
+            for w in captured
+        )
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── Capsule (mock HTTP) ─────────────────────────
+
+
+@respx.mock
+def _make_capsule(capsule_id: str = "sb-1") -> Capsule:
+    respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+        202,
+        json={"id": capsule_id, "status": "starting", "template": DEFAULT_TEMPLATE},
+    )
+    return Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+
+
+class TestCapsuleDefaults:
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_default_template_sent(self):
+        route = respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["template"] == DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
+        assert DEFAULT_TEMPLATE == "code-runner-beta"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_explicit_template_override(self):
+        route = respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        Capsule(template="other-template", api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["template"] == "other-template"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_create_classmethod(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-2", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        c = Capsule.create(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        assert c.capsule_id == "sb-2"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_default_kernel_name(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        c = Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        assert c._kernel_name == DEFAULT_KERNEL == "wrenn"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_custom_kernel_name(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        c = Capsule(kernel="python3", api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        assert c._kernel_name == "python3"
+
+
+class TestCtorFailureSafe:
+    """Bug regression: __del__ must not crash when ctor fails before
+    _proxy_client is initialised."""
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_del_safe_when_ctor_fails(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            404,
+            json={"error": {"code": "not_found", "message": "no template"}},
+        )
+        from wrenn.exceptions import WrennNotFoundError
+
+        with pytest.raises(WrennNotFoundError):
+            Capsule(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        # If we got here without an AttributeError on __del__, we're good.
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_close_idempotent(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        c.close()
+        c.close()  # second call must not raise
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── _ensure_kernel ─────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestEnsureKernel:
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_creates_kernel_with_wrenn_name_when_none_exist(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        list_route = respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(200, json=[])
+        create_route = respx.post(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            201, json={"id": "k-new", "name": "wrenn"}
+        )
+
+        kid = c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert kid == "k-new"
+        # Body must request the wrenn kernelspec.
+        body = json.loads(create_route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body == {"name": "wrenn"}
+        assert list_route.called
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_reuses_existing_wrenn_kernel(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            200,
+            json=[
+                {"id": "k-other", "name": "python3"},
+                {"id": "k-wrenn", "name": "wrenn"},
+            ],
+        )
+        create = respx.post(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(201, json={})
+        kid = c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert kid == "k-wrenn"
+        assert not create.called
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_creates_when_only_other_kernels_exist(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            200, json=[{"id": "k-other", "name": "python3"}]
+        )
+        respx.post(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            201, json={"id": "k-new", "name": "wrenn"}
+        )
+        kid = c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert kid == "k-new"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_caches_kernel_id(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        route = respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            200, json=[{"id": "k-1", "name": "wrenn"}]
+        )
+        c._ensure_kernel()
+        c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert route.call_count == 1
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_custom_kernel_name_sent(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        c = Capsule(kernel="python3", api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(200, json=[])
+        create = respx.post(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            201, json={"id": "k-py", "name": "python3"}
+        )
+        c._ensure_kernel()
+        body = json.loads(create.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body == {"name": "python3"}
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_retries_on_5xx_then_succeeds(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        responses = [
+            httpx.Response(503),
+            httpx.Response(200, json=[{"id": "k-1", "name": "wrenn"}]),
+        ]
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").mock(side_effect=responses)
+        with patch("time.sleep"):
+            kid = c._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=5)
+        assert kid == "k-1"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_raises_on_4xx(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(401)
+        with pytest.raises(httpx.HTTPStatusError):
+            c._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=2)
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_timeout_raises(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(503)
+        with patch("time.sleep"):
+            with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+                c._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=0.01)
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── build_execute_request ─────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestJupyterRequest:
+    def test_structure(self):
+        from wrenn.code_runner._protocol import build_execute_request
+
+        msg = build_execute_request("print(1)")
+        assert msg["channel"] == "shell"
+        assert msg["header"]["msg_type"] == "execute_request"
+        assert msg["content"]["code"] == "print(1)"
+        assert msg["content"]["silent"] is False
+        assert msg["content"]["store_history"] is True
+        assert msg["content"]["allow_stdin"] is False
+        assert msg["content"]["stop_on_error"] is True
+        # msg_id must be a uuid-shaped string
+        assert len(msg["header"]["msg_id"]) == 36
+
+    def test_unique_msg_id_per_call(self):
+        from wrenn.code_runner._protocol import build_execute_request
+
+        a = build_execute_request("x")
+        b = build_execute_request("x")
+        assert a["header"]["msg_id"] != b["header"]["msg_id"]
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── run_code (WS-mocked) ─────────────────────────
+
+
+def _wrap(msg_type: str, parent_id: str, content: dict) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "msg_type": msg_type,
+        "header": {"msg_type": msg_type},
+        "parent_header": {"msg_id": parent_id},
+        "content": content,
+    }
+
+
+class _FakeWS:
+    """Minimal sync httpx_ws-shaped fake.
+
+    If ``frames_factory`` yields an ``Exception`` instance, the fake
+    raises it instead of returning the value — useful for testing
+    disconnect / network-error paths.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, frames_factory):
+        self._frames_factory = frames_factory
+        self._sent: list[str] = []
+        self._iter = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *a):
+        return False
+
+    def send_text(self, s: str) -> None:
+        self._sent.append(s)
+        parent_id = json.loads(s)["header"]["msg_id"]
+        self._iter = iter(self._frames_factory(parent_id))
+
+    def receive_json(self, timeout: float = 0):
+        assert self._iter is not None
+        try:
+            nxt = next(self._iter)
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise TimeoutError("no more frames")
+        if isinstance(nxt, BaseException):
+            raise nxt
+        return nxt
+
+
+class _FakeAsyncWS:
+    def __init__(self, frames_factory):
+        self._frames_factory = frames_factory
+        self._iter = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *a):
+        return False
+
+    async def send_text(self, s: str) -> None:
+        parent_id = json.loads(s)["header"]["msg_id"]
+        self._iter = iter(self._frames_factory(parent_id))
+
+    async def receive_json(self):
+        assert self._iter is not None
+        try:
+            nxt = next(self._iter)
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise TimeoutError("no more frames")
+        if isinstance(nxt, BaseException):
+            raise nxt
+        return nxt
+
+
+class TestRunCode:
+    @respx.mock
+    def _make_ready(self):
+        c = _make_capsule()
+        # Pre-populate kernel so run_code skips ensure.
+        c._kernel_id = "k-1"
+        return c
+
+    def test_stream_stdout_and_stderr(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "hello\n"})
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stderr", "text": "warn\n"})
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+
+        stdout_chunks, stderr_chunks = [], []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code(
+                "print('hello')",
+                on_stdout=stdout_chunks.append,
+                on_stderr=stderr_chunks.append,
+            )
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == ["hello\n"]
+        assert ex.logs.stderr == ["warn\n"]
+        assert stdout_chunks == ["hello\n"]
+        assert stderr_chunks == ["warn\n"]
+        assert ex.error is None
+
+    def test_execute_result_main_and_display_data(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap(
+                "display_data",
+                pid,
+                {"data": {"image/png": "BASE64"}},
+            )
+            yield _wrap(
+                "execute_result",
+                pid,
+                {
+                    "execution_count": 7,
+                    "data": {"text/plain": "'42'"},
+                },
+            )
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+
+        results = []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("'42'", on_result=results.append)
+        assert ex.execution_count == 7
+        assert len(ex.results) == 2
+        main = [r for r in ex.results if r.is_main_result]
+        assert len(main) == 1
+        assert main[0].text == "'42'"  # text/plain preserved verbatim
+        display = [r for r in ex.results if not r.is_main_result]
+        assert display[0].png == "BASE64"
+        assert ex.text == "'42'"
+        assert len(results) == 2
+
+    def test_error_message(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap(
+                "error",
+                pid,
+                {
+                    "ename": "NameError",
+                    "evalue": "name 'x' is not defined",
+                    "traceback": ["line1", "line2"],
+                },
+            )
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+
+        errors = []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("x", on_error=errors.append)
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "NameError"
+        assert ex.error.value == "name 'x' is not defined"
+        assert ex.error.traceback == "line1\nline2"
+        assert len(errors) == 1
+
+    def test_ignores_frames_with_other_parent(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("stream", "other-id", {"name": "stdout", "text": "drop\n"})
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "keep\n"})
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("print('keep')")
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == ["keep\n"]
+
+    def test_unsupported_language_raises(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not supported"):
+            c.run_code("console.log('x')", language="javascript")
+
+    def test_idle_status_terminates_loop(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+        called = {"n": 0}
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+            # Following frame must never be consumed.
+            called["n"] += 1
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "post-idle\n"})
+
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("pass")
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == []
+
+
+class TestAsyncRunCode:
+    @respx.mock
+    def _make_ready(self):
+        respx.post(f"{BASE}/v1/capsules").respond(
+            202, json={"id": "sb-1", "status": "starting"}
+        )
+        from wrenn.client import AsyncWrennClient
+        from wrenn.models import Capsule as CapsuleModel
+
+        client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+        info = CapsuleModel(id="sb-1")
+        c = AsyncCapsule(_capsule_id="sb-1", _client=client, _info=info)
+        c._kernel_id = "k-1"
+        return c
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_stream_and_result(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "hi\n"})
+            yield _wrap(
+                "execute_result",
+                pid,
+                {"execution_count": 1, "data": {"text/plain": "7"}},
+            )
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule.httpx_ws.aconnect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeAsyncWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = await c.run_code("7")
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == ["hi\n"]
+        assert ex.text == "7"
+        assert ex.execution_count == 1
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_default_kernel(self):
+        c = self._make_ready()
+        assert c._kernel_name == "wrenn"
+        await c.close()
+
+
+class TestAsyncCtorFailureSafe:
+    def test_del_safe_when_not_constructed(self):
+        # Build without ever calling __init__'s parent path that needs network,
+        # by hand-poking attributes the way create() failure would leave them.
+        c = AsyncCapsule.__new__(AsyncCapsule)
+        # __del__ should be safe even with no attrs.
+        c.__del__()
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── run_code error-path regressions (B2) ─────────────
+
+
+class TestRunCodeErrorPaths:
+    """Sync run_code timeout / disconnect / unexpected-exception behavior."""
+
+    def _ready(self):
+        return TestRunCode()._make_ready()
+
+    def test_timeout_when_no_idle_received(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "partial\n"})
+            # No idle frame; loop exits via StopIteration → TimeoutError.
+
+        errors = []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("x", on_error=errors.append)
+        assert ex.timed_out is True
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "Timeout"
+        assert "exceeded" in ex.error.value
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == ["partial\n"]
+        assert len(errors) == 1
+
+    def test_disconnect_sets_disconnected_error(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+        import httpx_ws
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "hi\n"})
+            yield httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect(code=1000, reason="bye")
+
+        errors = []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("x", on_error=errors.append)
+        assert ex.timed_out is True
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "Disconnected"
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == ["hi\n"]
+        assert len(errors) == 1
+
+    def test_unexpected_exception_propagates(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield RuntimeError("WS broken in unexpected way")
+
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="WS broken"):
+                c.run_code("x")
+
+    def test_clean_exit_does_not_set_timed_out(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("status", pid, {"execution_state": "idle"})
+
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.capsule.httpx_ws.connect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = c.run_code("pass")
+        assert ex.timed_out is False
+        assert ex.error is None
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── Async run_code parity ──────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestAsyncRunCodeErrorPaths:
+    def _ready(self):
+        return TestAsyncRunCode()._make_ready()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_timeout_when_no_idle(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield _wrap("stream", pid, {"name": "stdout", "text": "partial\n"})
+
+        errors = []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule.httpx_ws.aconnect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeAsyncWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = await c.run_code("x", on_error=errors.append)
+        assert ex.timed_out is True
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "Timeout"
+        assert ex.logs.stdout == ["partial\n"]
+        assert len(errors) == 1
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_disconnect_sets_disconnected_error(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+        import httpx_ws
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError("network blip")
+
+        errors = []
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule.httpx_ws.aconnect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeAsyncWS(frames),
+        ):
+            ex = await c.run_code("x", on_error=errors.append)
+        assert ex.timed_out is True
+        assert ex.error is not None
+        assert ex.error.name == "Disconnected"
+        assert len(errors) == 1
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_unexpected_exception_propagates(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+
+        def frames(pid):
+            yield RuntimeError("unexpected WS death")
+
+        with patch(
+            "wrenn.code_runner.async_capsule.httpx_ws.aconnect_ws",
+            return_value=_FakeAsyncWS(frames),
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="unexpected WS"):
+                await c.run_code("x")
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_unsupported_language_raises(self):
+        c = self._ready()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not supported"):
+            await c.run_code("console.log('x')", language="javascript")
+        await c.close()
+
+
+# ───────────────────────── Async _ensure_kernel parity ───────────────────────
+
+
+@respx.mock
+def _make_async_capsule(capsule_id: str = "sb-1") -> AsyncCapsule:
+    """Construct an AsyncCapsule without going through ``create()``."""
+    from wrenn.client import AsyncWrennClient
+    from wrenn.models import Capsule as CapsuleModel
+
+    client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE)
+    info = CapsuleModel(id=capsule_id)
+    return AsyncCapsule(_capsule_id=capsule_id, _client=client, _info=info)
+
+
+class TestAsyncEnsureKernel:
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_creates_kernel_when_none_exist(self):
+        c = _make_async_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        list_route = respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(200, json=[])
+        create_route = respx.post(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            201, json={"id": "k-new", "name": "wrenn"}
+        )
+        kid = await c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert kid == "k-new"
+        body = json.loads(create_route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body == {"name": "wrenn"}
+        assert list_route.called
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_reuses_existing_wrenn_kernel(self):
+        c = _make_async_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            200,
+            json=[
+                {"id": "k-other", "name": "python3"},
+                {"id": "k-wrenn", "name": "wrenn"},
+            ],
+        )
+        create = respx.post(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(201, json={})
+        kid = await c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert kid == "k-wrenn"
+        assert not create.called
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_retries_on_5xx_then_succeeds(self):
+        c = _make_async_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        responses = [
+            httpx.Response(503),
+            httpx.Response(200, json=[{"id": "k-1", "name": "wrenn"}]),
+        ]
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").mock(side_effect=responses)
+        with patch("asyncio.sleep") as sleep_mock:
+
+            async def _noop(_s):
+                return None
+
+            sleep_mock.side_effect = _noop
+            kid = await c._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=5)
+        assert kid == "k-1"
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_raises_on_4xx(self):
+        c = _make_async_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(401)
+        with pytest.raises(httpx.HTTPStatusError):
+            await c._ensure_kernel(jupyter_timeout=2)
+        await c.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_caches_kernel_id(self):
+        c = _make_async_capsule()
+        proxy_base = "https://8888-sb-1.wrenn.dev"
+        route = respx.get(f"{proxy_base}/api/kernels").respond(
+            200, json=[{"id": "k-1", "name": "wrenn"}]
+        )
+        await c._ensure_kernel()
+        await c._ensure_kernel()
+        assert route.call_count == 1
+        await c.close()

tests/test_commands.py

@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+"""Unit tests for wrenn.commands — Commands / AsyncCommands.
+
+Covers payload construction (cwd, envs, tag, timeout), foreground/background
+dispatch, base64 response decoding, stream-event parsing, and the
+WebSocket-backed ``stream`` / ``connect`` iterators (with a fake WS).
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import json
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager, contextmanager
+
+import httpx_ws
+import pytest
+import respx
+
+from wrenn.client import AsyncWrennClient, WrennClient
+from wrenn.commands import (
+    AsyncCommands,
+    CommandHandle,
+    CommandResult,
+    Commands,
+    ProcessInfo,
+    StreamErrorEvent,
+    StreamEvent,
+    StreamExitEvent,
+    StreamStartEvent,
+    StreamStderrEvent,
+    StreamStdoutEvent,
+    _decode_exec_response,
+    _parse_stream_event,
+)
+
+BASE = "https://app.wrenn.dev/api"
+CAPSULE_ID = "cl-cmd123"
+EXEC_URL = f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/{CAPSULE_ID}/exec"
+PROC_URL = f"{BASE}/v1/capsules/{CAPSULE_ID}/processes"
+
+
+def _make_commands() -> Commands:
+    client = WrennClient(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
+    return Commands(CAPSULE_ID, client.http)
+
+
+def _make_async_commands() -> AsyncCommands:
+    client = AsyncWrennClient(api_key="wrn_test1234567890abcdef12345678", base_url=BASE)
+    return AsyncCommands(CAPSULE_ID, client.http)
+
+
+# ── _decode_exec_response ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestDecodeExecResponse:
+    def test_plain_text(self):
+        result = _decode_exec_response(
+            {"stdout": "hello\n", "stderr": "", "exit_code": 0, "duration_ms": 12}
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result, CommandResult)
+        assert result.stdout == "hello\n"
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert result.duration_ms == 12
+
+    def test_base64_stdout(self):
+        encoded = base64.b64encode(b"binary\xff\x00out").decode()
+        result = _decode_exec_response(
+            {"stdout": encoded, "encoding": "base64", "exit_code": 0}
+        )
+        assert "binary" in result.stdout
+
+    def test_base64_stderr(self):
+        out = base64.b64encode(b"ok").decode()
+        err = base64.b64encode(b"warning").decode()
+        result = _decode_exec_response(
+            {"stdout": out, "stderr": err, "encoding": "base64", "exit_code": 1}
+        )
+        assert result.stdout == "ok"
+        assert result.stderr == "warning"
+        assert result.exit_code == 1
+
+    def test_missing_fields_default(self):
+        result = _decode_exec_response({})
+        assert result.stdout == ""
+        assert result.stderr == ""
+        assert result.exit_code == -1
+        assert result.duration_ms is None
+
+    def test_null_stdout_coerced_to_empty(self):
+        result = _decode_exec_response({"stdout": None, "stderr": None})
+        assert result.stdout == ""
+        assert result.stderr == ""
+
+
+# ── _parse_stream_event ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestParseStreamEvent:
+    def test_start(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "start", "pid": 99})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamStartEvent)
+        assert event.type == "start"
+        assert event.pid == 99
+
+    def test_stdout(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "stdout", "data": "out"})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamStdoutEvent)
+        assert event.data == "out"
+
+    def test_stderr(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "stderr", "data": "err"})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamStderrEvent)
+        assert event.data == "err"
+
+    def test_exit(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 7})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamExitEvent)
+        assert event.exit_code == 7
+
+    def test_error(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "error", "data": "boom"})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamErrorEvent)
+        assert event.data == "boom"
+
+    def test_unknown_type(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "weird"})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamEvent)
+        assert event.type == "weird"
+
+    def test_missing_type(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({})
+        assert event.type == "unknown"
+
+    def test_exit_missing_code_defaults(self):
+        event = _parse_stream_event({"type": "exit"})
+        assert isinstance(event, StreamExitEvent)
+        assert event.exit_code == -1
+
+
+# ── Commands.run — payload construction ───────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestRunPayload:
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_foreground_basic_payload(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"stdout": "hi", "exit_code": 0})
+        result = _make_commands().run("echo hi")
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["cmd"] == "/bin/sh"
+        assert body["args"] == ["-c", "echo hi"]
+        assert body["background"] is False
+        assert body["timeout_sec"] == 30
+        assert result.stdout == "hi"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_cwd_in_payload(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("pwd", cwd="/tmp/work")
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["cwd"] == "/tmp/work"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_cwd_omitted_when_none(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("pwd")
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert "cwd" not in body
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_envs_in_payload(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("env", envs={"FOO": "bar", "BAZ": "qux"})
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["envs"] == {"FOO": "bar", "BAZ": "qux"}
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_empty_envs_still_sent(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("env", envs={})
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["envs"] == {}
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_tag_in_payload(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("echo x", tag="my-tag")
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["tag"] == "my-tag"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_custom_timeout_in_payload(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("sleep 1", timeout=120)
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["timeout_sec"] == 120
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_timeout_none_omits_field(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("echo x", timeout=None)
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert "timeout_sec" not in body
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_all_kwargs_combined(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"exit_code": 0})
+        _make_commands().run("echo x", timeout=60, envs={"A": "1"}, cwd="/srv", tag="t")
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["cwd"] == "/srv"
+        assert body["envs"] == {"A": "1"}
+        assert body["tag"] == "t"
+        assert body["timeout_sec"] == 60
+
+
+class TestRunBackground:
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_background_returns_handle(self):
+        respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"pid": 1234, "tag": "bg"})
+        handle = _make_commands().run("sleep 100", background=True)
+        assert isinstance(handle, CommandHandle)
+        assert handle.pid == 1234
+        assert handle.tag == "bg"
+        assert handle.capsule_id == CAPSULE_ID
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_background_omits_timeout_sec(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"pid": 1, "tag": "x"})
+        _make_commands().run("sleep 100", background=True, timeout=30)
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert "timeout_sec" not in body
+        assert body["background"] is True
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_background_carries_cwd_and_envs(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"pid": 5, "tag": "t"})
+        _make_commands().run(
+            "server", background=True, cwd="/app", envs={"PORT": "80"}, tag="srv"
+        )
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["cwd"] == "/app"
+        assert body["envs"] == {"PORT": "80"}
+        assert body["tag"] == "srv"
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_background_missing_pid_defaults_zero(self):
+        respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"tag": "x"})
+        handle = _make_commands().run("x", background=True)
+        assert handle.pid == 0
+
+
+class TestListAndKill:
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_list_parses_processes(self):
+        respx.get(PROC_URL).respond(
+            200,
+            json={
+                "processes": [
+                    {
+                        "pid": 10,
+                        "tag": "web",
+                        "cmd": "/bin/sh",
+                        "args": ["-c", "serve"],
+                    },
+                    {"pid": 11},
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+        procs = _make_commands().list()
+        assert len(procs) == 2
+        assert isinstance(procs[0], ProcessInfo)
+        assert procs[0].pid == 10
+        assert procs[0].tag == "web"
+        assert procs[0].args == ["-c", "serve"]
+        assert procs[1].pid == 11
+        assert procs[1].tag is None
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_list_empty(self):
+        respx.get(PROC_URL).respond(200, json={"processes": []})
+        assert _make_commands().list() == []
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_list_missing_key(self):
+        respx.get(PROC_URL).respond(200, json={})
+        assert _make_commands().list() == []
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_kill_sends_delete(self):
+        route = respx.delete(f"{PROC_URL}/42").respond(204)
+        _make_commands().kill(42)
+        assert route.called
+
+    @respx.mock
+    def test_kill_unknown_pid_raises(self):
+        from wrenn.exceptions import WrennNotFoundError
+
+        respx.delete(f"{PROC_URL}/999").respond(
+            404, json={"error": {"code": "not_found", "message": "no such process"}}
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(WrennNotFoundError):
+            _make_commands().kill(999)
+
+
+# ── Fake WebSocket plumbing for stream / connect ──────────────────
+
+
+class _FakeWS:
+    """Synchronous fake WebSocket session."""
+
+    def __init__(self, messages: list) -> None:
+        self._messages = list(messages)
+        self.sent: list[str] = []
+
+    def send_text(self, text: str) -> None:
+        self.sent.append(text)
+
+    def receive_json(self) -> dict:
+        if not self._messages:
+            raise httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect()
+        msg = self._messages.pop(0)
+        if isinstance(msg, Exception):
+            raise msg
+        return msg
+
+
+class _AsyncFakeWS:
+    """Asynchronous fake WebSocket session."""
+
+    def __init__(self, messages: list) -> None:
+        self._messages = list(messages)
+        self.sent: list[str] = []
+
+    async def send_text(self, text: str) -> None:
+        self.sent.append(text)
+
+    async def receive_json(self) -> dict:
+        if not self._messages:
+            raise httpx_ws.WebSocketDisconnect()
+        msg = self._messages.pop(0)
+        if isinstance(msg, Exception):
+            raise msg
+        return msg
+
+
+def _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws: _FakeWS) -> None:
+    @contextmanager
+    def _fake_connect(url, client):
+        yield ws
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("wrenn.commands.httpx_ws.connect_ws", _fake_connect)
+
+
+def _patch_async_ws(monkeypatch, ws: _AsyncFakeWS) -> None:
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def _fake_aconnect(url, client):
+        yield ws
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("wrenn.commands.httpx_ws.aconnect_ws", _fake_aconnect)
+
+
+# ── Commands.stream ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestStream:
+    def test_stream_sends_shell_wrapped_start(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS([{"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}])
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        list(_make_commands().stream("echo hi"))
+        start = json.loads(ws.sent[0])
+        assert start == {"type": "start", "cmd": "/bin/sh", "args": ["-c", "echo hi"]}
+
+    def test_stream_with_explicit_args(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS([{"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}])
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        list(_make_commands().stream("/usr/bin/env", args=["python", "-V"]))
+        start = json.loads(ws.sent[0])
+        assert start == {
+            "type": "start",
+            "cmd": "/usr/bin/env",
+            "args": ["python", "-V"],
+        }
+
+    def test_stream_yields_events_until_exit(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS(
+            [
+                {"type": "start", "pid": 3},
+                {"type": "stdout", "data": "line1"},
+                {"type": "stderr", "data": "warn"},
+                {"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0},
+                {"type": "stdout", "data": "after-exit-ignored"},
+            ]
+        )
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        events = list(_make_commands().stream("echo line1"))
+        assert [e.type for e in events] == ["start", "stdout", "stderr", "exit"]
+
+    def test_stream_stops_on_error(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS([{"type": "error", "data": "fatal"}])
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        events = list(_make_commands().stream("bad"))
+        assert len(events) == 1
+        assert events[0].type == "error"
+
+    def test_stream_handles_disconnect(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS([{"type": "stdout", "data": "x"}])  # then disconnect
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        events = list(_make_commands().stream("echo x"))
+        assert [e.type for e in events] == ["stdout"]
+
+
+# ── Commands.connect ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestConnect:
+    def test_connect_yields_until_exit(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS(
+            [
+                {"type": "stdout", "data": "tick"},
+                {"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0},
+            ]
+        )
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        events = list(_make_commands().connect(55))
+        assert [e.type for e in events] == ["stdout", "exit"]
+
+    def test_connect_handles_disconnect(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _FakeWS([])  # immediate disconnect
+        _patch_sync_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        assert list(_make_commands().connect(1)) == []
+
+
+# ── AsyncCommands ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestAsyncCommands:
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_run_payload(self):
+        route = respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"stdout": "hi", "exit_code": 0})
+        cmds = _make_async_commands()
+        result = await cmds.run("echo hi", cwd="/tmp", envs={"K": "v"}, tag="z")
+        body = json.loads(route.calls[0].request.content)
+        assert body["cwd"] == "/tmp"
+        assert body["envs"] == {"K": "v"}
+        assert body["tag"] == "z"
+        assert result.stdout == "hi"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_run_background(self):
+        respx.post(EXEC_URL).respond(200, json={"pid": 7, "tag": "bg"})
+        handle = await _make_async_commands().run("sleep 1", background=True)
+        assert isinstance(handle, CommandHandle)
+        assert handle.pid == 7
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_list(self):
+        respx.get(PROC_URL).respond(200, json={"processes": [{"pid": 1, "tag": "a"}]})
+        procs = await _make_async_commands().list()
+        assert len(procs) == 1
+        assert procs[0].pid == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @respx.mock
+    async def test_async_kill(self):
+        route = respx.delete(f"{PROC_URL}/3").respond(204)
+        await _make_async_commands().kill(3)
+        assert route.called
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_stream(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _AsyncFakeWS(
+            [
+                {"type": "start", "pid": 1},
+                {"type": "stdout", "data": "out"},
+                {"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0},
+            ]
+        )
+        _patch_async_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        events = [e async for e in _make_async_commands().stream("echo out")]
+        assert [e.type for e in events] == ["start", "stdout", "exit"]
+        start = json.loads(ws.sent[0])
+        assert start["cmd"] == "/bin/sh"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_connect(self, monkeypatch):
+        ws = _AsyncFakeWS([{"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}])
+        _patch_async_ws(monkeypatch, ws)
+        events = [e async for e in _make_async_commands().connect(9)]
+        assert [e.type for e in events] == ["exit"]

tests/test_filesystem_pty.py

@@ -341,6 +341,39 @@ class TestPtySessionIteration:
         assert events == []
 
 
+class TestPtySessionPong:
+    def test_ping_triggers_pong(self):
+        ws = MagicMock()
+        ws.receive_text.side_effect = [
+            json.dumps({"type": "ping"}),
+            json.dumps({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}),
+        ]
+        session = PtySession(ws, "cl-abc")
+        events = list(session)
+        assert events[0].type == PtyEventType.ping
+        sent = [json.loads(c[0][0]) for c in ws.send_text.call_args_list]
+        assert {"type": "pong"} in sent
+
+    def test_no_pong_without_ping(self):
+        ws = MagicMock()
+        ws.receive_text.side_effect = [
+            json.dumps({"type": "output", "data": ""}),
+            json.dumps({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}),
+        ]
+        session = PtySession(ws, "cl-abc")
+        list(session)
+        sent = [json.loads(c[0][0]) for c in ws.send_text.call_args_list]
+        assert {"type": "pong"} not in sent
+
+    def test_send_pong_swallows_closed_ws(self):
+        import httpx_ws
+
+        ws = MagicMock()
+        ws.send_text.side_effect = httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError()
+        session = PtySession(ws, "cl-abc")
+        session._send_pong()  # must not raise
+
+
 class TestPtySessionContextManager:
     def test_exit_kills_and_closes(self):
         ws = MagicMock()
@@ -450,6 +483,28 @@ class TestAsyncPtySession:
         assert sent["cmd"] == "/bin/zsh"
         assert sent["cols"] == 100
 
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_ping_triggers_pong(self):
+        ws = AsyncMock()
+        ws.receive_text.side_effect = [
+            json.dumps({"type": "ping"}),
+            json.dumps({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}),
+        ]
+        session = AsyncPtySession(ws, "cl-abc")
+        events = [e async for e in session]
+        assert events[0].type == PtyEventType.ping
+        sent = [json.loads(c[0][0]) for c in ws.send_text.call_args_list]
+        assert {"type": "pong"} in sent
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_send_pong_swallows_closed_ws(self):
+        import httpx_ws
+
+        ws = AsyncMock()
+        ws.send_text.side_effect = httpx_ws.WebSocketNetworkError()
+        session = AsyncPtySession(ws, "cl-abc")
+        await session._send_pong()  # must not raise
+
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_async_iteration(self):
         ws = AsyncMock()

tests/test_integration.py

@@ -15,17 +15,6 @@ pytestmark = pytest.mark.integration
 _env_loaded = False
 
 
-def _wait_for_pid_dead(capsule: Capsule, pid: int, timeout: float = 5.0) -> bool:
-    deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
-    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
-        result = capsule.commands.run(f"ps -p {pid} -o stat= 2>/dev/null || true")
-        state = result.stdout.strip()
-        if not state or state.startswith("Z"):
-            return True
-        time.sleep(0.2)
-    return False
-
-
 def _ensure_env() -> None:
     global _env_loaded
     if _env_loaded:
@@ -57,7 +46,7 @@ class TestCapsuleLifecycle:
             assert capsule_id
             assert capsule.info is not None
         finally:
-            capsule.destroy()
+            capsule.destroy(wait=True)
 
         info = Capsule.get_info(capsule_id)
         assert info.status in (Status.stopped, Status.missing)
@@ -76,7 +65,7 @@ class TestCapsuleLifecycle:
             assert capsule.is_running()
 
         info = Capsule.get_info(capsule_id)
-        assert info.status in (Status.stopped, Status.missing)
+        assert info.status in (Status.stopping, Status.stopped, Status.missing)
 
     def test_get_info(self):
         capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
@@ -91,11 +80,11 @@ class TestCapsuleLifecycle:
     def test_pause_and_resume(self):
         capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
         try:
-            paused = capsule.pause()
+            paused = capsule.pause(wait=True)
             assert paused.status == Status.paused
             assert not capsule.is_running()
 
-            resumed = capsule.resume()
+            resumed = capsule.resume(wait=True)
             assert resumed.status == Status.running
         finally:
             capsule.destroy()
@@ -104,7 +93,7 @@ class TestCapsuleLifecycle:
         capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
         capsule_id = capsule.capsule_id
         try:
-            Capsule.destroy(capsule_id)
+            Capsule.destroy(capsule_id, wait=True)
         except Exception:
             capsule.destroy()
             raise
@@ -229,7 +218,14 @@ class TestCommands:
     def test_kill_process(self):
         handle = self.capsule.commands.run("sleep 30", background=True)
         self.capsule.commands.kill(handle.pid)
-        assert _wait_for_pid_dead(self.capsule, handle.pid)
+        # Registry prune runs asynchronously after the process end event,
+        # so poll rather than asserting on a zero-delay list().
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + 5
+        while time.monotonic() < deadline:
+            if handle.pid not in [p.pid for p in self.capsule.commands.list()]:
+                break
+            time.sleep(0.2)
+        assert handle.pid not in [p.pid for p in self.capsule.commands.list()]
 
     def test_run_duration_ms(self):
         result = self.capsule.commands.run("sleep 1")

tests/test_integration_advanced.py

@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+"""Advanced integration tests against a live Wrenn server.
+
+Skipped automatically when ``WRENN_API_KEY`` is not set (see conftest.py).
+
+Covers working-directory / environment handling, long-running commands
+(``apt-get``), interactive PTY sessions, streaming exec, and real ``git``
+workflows including cloning ``github.com/wrennhq/wrenn``.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import time
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from wrenn import Capsule
+from wrenn.commands import StreamExitEvent, StreamStartEvent
+from wrenn.exceptions import WrennError
+from wrenn.pty import PtyEventType
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.integration
+
+WRENN_REPO = "https://github.com/wrennhq/wrenn"
+
+_env_loaded = False
+
+
+def _ensure_env() -> None:
+    global _env_loaded
+    if _env_loaded:
+        return
+    _env_loaded = True
+    env_file = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / ".env"
+    if not env_file.exists():
+        return
+    for line in env_file.read_text().splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line or line.startswith("#") or "=" not in line:
+            continue
+        key, _, value = line.partition("=")
+        key, value = key.strip(), value.strip().strip("\"'")
+        if key and key not in os.environ:
+            os.environ[key] = value
+
+
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Working directory & environment
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+
+class TestCommandEnvironment:
+    """cwd / envs handling for foreground commands."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_cwd_changes_working_directory(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("pwd", cwd="/tmp")
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "/tmp"
+
+    def test_default_cwd_is_home(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("pwd")
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "/root"
+
+    def test_cwd_resolves_relative_paths(self):
+        self.capsule.files.make_dir("/tmp/cwd_probe/sub")
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("ls", cwd="/tmp/cwd_probe")
+        assert "sub" in result.stdout
+
+    def test_cwd_nonexistent_raises(self):
+        with pytest.raises(WrennError):
+            self.capsule.commands.run("pwd", cwd="/no/such/dir/xyz")
+
+    def test_cwd_does_not_persist_between_calls(self):
+        # Each run is a fresh process — `cd` in one does not affect the next.
+        self.capsule.commands.run("cd /tmp")
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("pwd")
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "/root"
+
+    def test_single_env_var(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("echo $GREETING", envs={"GREETING": "hi"})
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "hi"
+
+    def test_multiple_env_vars(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run(
+            "echo $A-$B-$C", envs={"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3"}
+        )
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "1-2-3"
+
+    def test_env_vars_do_not_leak_between_calls(self):
+        self.capsule.commands.run("echo $SECRET", envs={"SECRET": "leaky"})
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("echo [$SECRET]")
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "[]"
+
+    def test_env_var_with_special_chars(self):
+        value = "a b&c|d;e"
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run('printf "%s" "$X"', envs={"X": value})
+        assert result.stdout == value
+
+    def test_base_environment_present(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("echo $HOME; echo $PATH")
+        lines = result.stdout.strip().splitlines()
+        assert lines[0] == "/root"
+        assert "/usr/bin" in lines[1]
+
+
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Long-running commands
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+
+class TestLongRunningCommands:
+    """apt-get installs and other slow commands."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_apt_get_install(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run(
+            "apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y -qq cowsay", timeout=300
+        )
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+    def test_apt_installed_binary_runs(self):
+        # Depends on test_apt_get_install having installed the package.
+        self.capsule.commands.run("apt-get install -y -qq cowsay", timeout=300)
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("/usr/games/cowsay moo")
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert "moo" in result.stdout
+
+    def test_foreground_timeout_raises(self):
+        # A command exceeding its timeout surfaces as a server-side error.
+        with pytest.raises(WrennError):
+            self.capsule.commands.run("sleep 20", timeout=2)
+
+    def test_long_sleep_in_background_returns_immediately(self):
+        start = time.monotonic()
+        handle = self.capsule.commands.run(
+            "sleep 60", background=True, tag="long-sleep"
+        )
+        elapsed = time.monotonic() - start
+        assert elapsed < 10
+        assert handle.pid > 0
+        self.capsule.commands.kill(handle.pid)
+
+    def test_slow_command_within_timeout(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("sleep 3 && echo done", timeout=30)
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert result.stdout.strip() == "done"
+
+
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# PTY sessions
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+
+def _drain_pty(term, *, max_events: int = 200) -> tuple[bytes, int | None]:
+    """Collect PTY output until exit; return (output, exit_code)."""
+    output = b""
+    exit_code: int | None = None
+    for i, event in enumerate(term):
+        if event.type == PtyEventType.output and event.data:
+            output += event.data
+        elif event.type == PtyEventType.exit:
+            exit_code = event.exit_code
+            break
+        elif event.type == PtyEventType.error and event.fatal:
+            break
+        if i >= max_events:
+            break
+    return output, exit_code
+
+
+class TestPty:
+    """Interactive PTY behaviour."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_pty_runs_command_and_exits(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash") as term:
+            term.write(b"echo pty-result-$((6*7))\n")
+            term.write(b"exit\n")
+            output, exit_code = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert b"pty-result-42" in output
+        assert exit_code is not None
+
+    def test_pty_started_event_sets_tag_and_pid(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash") as term:
+            term.write(b"exit\n")
+            _drain_pty(term)
+            assert term.tag is not None
+            assert term.tag.startswith("pty-")
+            assert term.pid is not None and term.pid > 0
+
+    def test_pty_respects_cwd(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash", cwd="/tmp") as term:
+            term.write(b"pwd\n")
+            term.write(b"exit\n")
+            output, _ = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert b"/tmp" in output
+
+    def test_pty_respects_envs(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash", envs={"PTY_VAR": "xyzzy"}) as term:
+            term.write(b"echo marker-$PTY_VAR\n")
+            term.write(b"exit\n")
+            output, _ = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert b"marker-xyzzy" in output
+
+    def test_pty_resize(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash", cols=80, rows=24) as term:
+            term.resize(120, 40)
+            term.write(b"echo resized\n")
+            term.write(b"exit\n")
+            output, _ = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert b"resized" in output
+
+    def test_pty_explicit_command(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/echo", args=["hello-from-argv"]) as term:
+            output, exit_code = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert b"hello-from-argv" in output
+
+    def test_pty_exit_code_nonzero(self):
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash") as term:
+            term.write(b"exit 3\n")
+            _, exit_code = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert exit_code == 3
+
+    def test_pty_survives_idle_ping_cycle(self):
+        # The server emits a keepalive `ping` (~every 30s); the SDK must
+        # auto-reply `pong` and the session must stay usable afterwards.
+        with self.capsule.pty(cmd="/bin/bash") as term:
+            saw_ping = False
+            for event in term:
+                if event.type == PtyEventType.ping:
+                    saw_ping = True
+                    break
+                if event.type == PtyEventType.exit:
+                    break
+                if event.type == PtyEventType.error and event.fatal:
+                    break
+            assert saw_ping, "no keepalive ping received"
+            term.write(b"echo still-alive\n")
+            term.write(b"exit\n")
+            output, _ = _drain_pty(term)
+        assert b"still-alive" in output
+
+
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Streaming exec
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+
+class TestStreamingExec:
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_stream_emits_start_and_exit(self):
+        events = list(self.capsule.commands.stream("echo streamed"))
+        types = [e.type for e in events]
+        assert "exit" in types
+        starts = [e for e in events if isinstance(e, StreamStartEvent)]
+        exits = [e for e in events if isinstance(e, StreamExitEvent)]
+        assert exits and exits[0].exit_code == 0
+        if starts:
+            assert starts[0].pid > 0
+
+    def test_stream_captures_stdout(self):
+        events = list(self.capsule.commands.stream("for i in 1 2 3; do echo n$i; done"))
+        out = "".join(
+            e.data for e in events if e.type == "stdout" and getattr(e, "data", None)
+        )
+        assert "n1" in out and "n3" in out
+
+    def test_stream_nonzero_exit(self):
+        events = list(self.capsule.commands.stream("exit 5"))
+        exits = [e for e in events if isinstance(e, StreamExitEvent)]
+        assert exits and exits[0].exit_code == 5
+
+
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Process connect — attach to a background process over WebSocket
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+
+class TestProcessConnect:
+    """commands.connect — must survive the server's abrupt WebSocket close."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_connect_streams_running_process(self):
+        handle = self.capsule.commands.run(
+            "for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo tick$i; sleep 1; done",
+            background=True,
+            tag="connect-run",
+        )
+        time.sleep(0.3)
+        events = list(self.capsule.commands.connect(handle.pid))
+        types = [e.type for e in events]
+        assert "exit" in types
+        # connect streams output from the attach point onward, so early
+        # ticks may be missed — assert it captured the live tail.
+        out = "".join(
+            e.data for e in events if e.type == "stdout" and getattr(e, "data", None)
+        )
+        assert "tick" in out
+
+    def test_connect_to_finished_process_does_not_raise(self):
+        handle = self.capsule.commands.run("echo quick", background=True)
+        time.sleep(2)
+        # Process already exited — server closes the WebSocket abruptly;
+        # the iterator must terminate cleanly rather than raise.
+        events = list(self.capsule.commands.connect(handle.pid))
+        assert isinstance(events, list)
+
+
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# Git — real workflows including cloning wrennhq/wrenn
+# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+
+class TestGitClone:
+    """Clone github.com/wrennhq/wrenn and operate on it."""
+
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+        cls.capsule.git.clone(WRENN_REPO, "/root/wrenn", depth=1, timeout=300)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_clone_created_repo(self):
+        assert self.capsule.files.exists("/root/wrenn/.git")
+
+    def test_clone_checked_out_files(self):
+        entries = self.capsule.files.list("/root/wrenn")
+        names = [e.name for e in entries]
+        assert "README.md" in names
+
+    def test_status_of_clone_is_clean(self):
+        status = self.capsule.git.status(cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        assert status.branch == "main"
+        assert status.is_clean
+
+    def test_branches_lists_main(self):
+        branches = self.capsule.git.branches(cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        names = [b.name for b in branches]
+        assert "main" in names
+        assert any(b.is_current for b in branches)
+
+    def test_remote_get_origin(self):
+        url = self.capsule.git.remote_get("origin", cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        assert url is not None
+        assert "wrennhq/wrenn" in url
+
+    def test_git_log_has_commit(self):
+        result = self.capsule.commands.run("git log --oneline -1", cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert result.stdout.strip()
+
+    def test_modify_add_commit(self):
+        marker = uuid.uuid4().hex
+        self.capsule.git.configure_user(
+            "CI Bot", "ci@example.com", cwd="/root/wrenn", scope="local"
+        )
+        self.capsule.files.write(f"/root/wrenn/sdk_probe_{marker}.txt", marker)
+        self.capsule.git.add([f"sdk_probe_{marker}.txt"], cwd="/root/wrenn")
+
+        staged = self.capsule.git.status(cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        assert staged.has_staged
+
+        result = self.capsule.git.commit("probe commit", cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+        after = self.capsule.git.status(cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        assert after.is_clean
+        assert after.ahead >= 1
+
+    def test_create_and_checkout_branch_in_clone(self):
+        self.capsule.git.create_branch("sdk-feature", cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        branches = self.capsule.git.branches(cwd="/root/wrenn")
+        current = [b for b in branches if b.is_current]
+        assert current and current[0].name == "sdk-feature"
+        self.capsule.git.checkout_branch("main", cwd="/root/wrenn")
+
+    def test_diff_via_commands(self):
+        self.capsule.files.write("/root/wrenn/README.md", "overwritten\n")
+        try:
+            result = self.capsule.commands.run("git diff --stat", cwd="/root/wrenn")
+            assert "README.md" in result.stdout
+        finally:
+            self.capsule.git.restore(["README.md"], worktree=True, cwd="/root/wrenn")
+
+
+class TestGitErrors:
+    capsule: Capsule
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        _ensure_env()
+        cls.capsule = Capsule(wait=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        try:
+            cls.capsule.destroy()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def test_clone_nonexistent_repo_raises(self):
+        from wrenn._git import GitError
+
+        with pytest.raises(GitError):
+            self.capsule.git.clone(
+                "https://github.com/wrennhq/this-repo-does-not-exist-xyz",
+                "/root/missing",
+                timeout=120,
+            )
+
+    def test_status_outside_repo_raises(self):
+        from wrenn._git import GitError
+
+        with pytest.raises(GitError):
+            self.capsule.git.status(cwd="/tmp")
+
+    def test_clone_with_branch(self):
+        self.capsule.git.clone(
+            WRENN_REPO, "/root/wrenn-main", branch="main", depth=1, timeout=300
+        )
+        status = self.capsule.git.status(cwd="/root/wrenn-main")
+        assert status.branch == "main"

uv.lock

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 version = 1
-revision = 2
+revision = 3
 requires-python = ">=3.13"
 resolution-markers = [
-    "python_full_version >= '3.14'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.15'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.14.*'",
     "python_full_version < '3.14'",
 ]
 
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+
 [[package]]
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+version = "26.5.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
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+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/15/ba/1f6e8c957e4932be060dcdc482d339c12e0216351478add3645cdaa53c05/virtualenv-21.3.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f5bda277e553b1c2b3c1a8debfc30496e1288cc93ce6b7b71b3280047e317328", size = 7613784, upload-time = "2026-05-13T18:01:30.19Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4b/eb/03bfb1299d4c4510329e470f13f9a4ce793df7fcb5a2fd3510f911066f61/virtualenv-21.3.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4d28ee41f6d9ec8f1f00cd472b9ffbcedda1b3d3b9a575b5c94a2d004fd51bd7", size = 7594690, upload-time = "2026-04-27T17:05:55.468Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f4/34/a9dbe051de88a63eb7408ea66630bac38e72f7f6077d4be58737106860d9/virtualenv-21.3.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7d5987d8369e098e41406efb780a3d4ca79280097293899e351a6407ee153ab3", size = 7594554, upload-time = "2026-05-13T18:01:27.815Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1121,9 +1166,10 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wrenn"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.4"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
+    { name = "certifi" },
     { name = "email-validator" },
     { name = "httpx" },
     { name = "httpx-ws" },
@@ -1144,6 +1190,7 @@ dev = [
 
 [package.metadata]
 requires-dist = [
+    { name = "certifi", specifier = ">=2026.2.25" },
     { name = "email-validator", specifier = ">=2.3.0" },
     { name = "httpx", specifier = ">=0.28.1" },
     { name = "httpx-ws", specifier = ">=0.9.0" },